Table 1 Flavonoid IC50 values for growth inhibition of P. falciparum 
From: Common dietary flavonoids inhibit the growth of the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite
Class | Major food sources [17] | Flavonoid | Chemical substitutions/modifications | In vitroantiplasmodial activity (IC50, μM)a | LogD (pH 7.0)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3D7 | 7G8 | |||||
Flavonols | Onions, kale, broccoli, apples, cherries, fennel, sorrel, berries, tea | Kaempferol | 3, 5, 7, 4' – OH | 33 ± 7 | 25 ± 2 | 2.40 |
Myricetin | 3, 5, 7, 3', 4', 5' – OH | 40 ± 10 | 76 ± 23 | 2.06 | ||
Quercetin | 3, 5, 7, 3', 4' – OH | 15 ± 5 | 14 ± 1 | 2.09 | ||
Isoquercitrin | 3-gluc, 5, 7, 3', 4' – OH | 66 ± 10 | 66 ± 18 | 1.59 | ||
Flavones | Parsley, thyme, celery, sweet red pepper | Acacetin | 5, 7 – OH 4' – OCH3 | > 100 | 13 ± 2 | 2.77 |
Apigenin | 5, 7, 4' – OH | 20 ± 3 | 13 ± 2 | 2.77 | ||
Baicalein | 5, 6, 7 – OH | 32 ± 1 | 21 ± 6 | 3.18 | ||
Chrysin | 5, 7 – OH | 18 ± 3 | 22 ± 4 | 2.79 | ||
Luteolin | 5, 7, 3', 4' – OH | 11 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 2.62 | ||
Flavanones | Citrus fruits, prunes | Naringenin | 5, 7, 4' – OH, single bond between 2 and 3 | > 125 | 71 ± 10 | 2.17 |
Isoflavones | Legumes | Genistein | 5, 7, 4' – OH, B ring attached to 3 | > 50 | 29 ± 5 | 1.53 |
Chloroquine | NA | NA | NA | 0.006 ± 0.0003 | 0.084 ± 0.026 | ND |