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Calculation of partial isotope incorporation into peptides measured by mass spectrometry

Abstract

Background

Stable isotope probing (SIP) technique was developed to link function, structure and activity of microbial cultures metabolizing carbon and nitrogen containing substrates to synthesize their biomass. Currently, available methods are restricted solely to the estimation of fully saturated heavy stable isotope incorporation and convenient methods with sufficient accuracy are still missing. However in order to track carbon fluxes in microbial communities new methods are required that allow the calculation of partial incorporation into biomolecules.

Results

In this study, we use the characteristics of the so-called 'half decimal place rule' (HDPR) in order to accurately calculate the partial13C incorporation in peptides from enzymatic digested proteins. Due to the clade-crossing universality of proteins within bacteria, any available high-resolution mass spectrometry generated dataset consisting of tryptically-digested peptides can be used as reference.

We used a freely available peptide mass dataset from Mycobacterium tuberculosis consisting of 315,579 entries. From this the error of estimated versus known heavy stable isotope incorporation from an increasing number of randomly drawn peptide sub-samples (100 times each; no repetition) was calculated. To acquire an estimated incorporation error of less than 5 atom %, about 100 peptide masses were needed. Finally, for testing the general applicability of our method, peptide masses of tryptically digested proteins from Pseudomonas putida ML2 grown on labeled substrate of various known concentrations were used and13C isotopic incorporation was successfully predicted. An easy-to-use script [1] was further developed to guide users through the calculation procedure for their own data series.

Conclusion

Our method is valuable for estimating13C incorporation into peptides/proteins accurately and with high sensitivity. Generally, our method holds promise for wider applications in qualitative and especially quantitative proteomics.

Background

An important aspect of microbial ecology is to link specific microorganisms to microbially-driven processes in the natural environment [2]. Indeed, these questions can be addressed with more accuracy by using isotopically labeled substrates to follow metabolic carbon flux within microbial cultures. Subsequently, the incorporation of the label into the biomass may be followed by analysis of either fatty acids [3], deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [4] or ribonucleic acid (RNA) [5]. Unfortunately, those techniques are limited in their ability to resolve low levels of isotopic labeling and their absolute incorporation. Essentially, the information about low level labeling as well as the assignment of distinct incorporation levels to various species is needed in order to understand the metabolic interdependencies within complex microbial communities.

To overcome the drawbacks of other calculation methods, we recently developed a new protein-based stable isotope probing (Protein-SIP) technique [6]. A brief overview of the workflow is displayed in Figure 1. In short, the incorporation of stable e.g.13C and/or15N isotopes from a substrate was used to pinpoint the metabolically active species within a consortium. Different species incorporate different degrees of the stable isotopes into their biomass according to their physiological ability and their activity (Figure 1A), which can be detected on peptide/protein level [7]. After cell harvesting and protein extraction, samples were analyzed by various proteomic and mass-spectrometry techniques. Due to the isotopic abundance of13C and/or15N, several isotopic envelopes can be detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) [8, 9]. As expected, the isotopologues shifted to a higher mass range due to the incorporation of heavy labeled carbon into the proteins, as shown in the MS-spectrum in figure 1B. The12C-containing peptides are shown at the left hand side of each spectrum. A higher level of incorporation, as shown in the right spectra of part B, indicates a faster growth rate and/or an increased substrate usage of the carbon source of species. In order to assign these activities to different species, two steps have to be applied (i) the light peptides have to be identified by Tandem-MS (mass spectroscopy) and further assigned to the bacterial taxon and (ii) the heavy stable isotope incorporation has to be determined.

Figure 1
figure 1

Schematic overview about the workflow of analysis. (A) Assimilation of heavy stable isotopes into the biomass of various species depends on the turnover and the interaction activity of the species. The incorporation of stable13C isotopes from a substrate can be used to pinpoint the metabolically active species within a consortium. The different incorporations are indicated by various amounts of label (gray-color scale). (B) After cell harvesting and protein extraction, samples were tryptically digested and analyzed by MS. The isotopologues shifted to a higher mass range due to their incorporation of heavy labeled carbon into the proteins. A higher level of incorporation indicates a faster growth rate and/or a primary role in the degradation of the labeled substrate within the food web. (C) The incorporation of heavy stable isotopes into peptides/proteins can be estimated using the HDPR. (D) Peptides can be used to obtain phylogenetic information (in case of unique peptides), for structural analysis, and for physiological information about the actual state of the microbial cells. (E) Based on this information, C-fluxes and food web structures can be elucidated and may further help to reconstruct the interaction of microbial communities.

One method of calculation is to compare12C and13C isotopologue distributions in one MS-spectrum and estimate13C incorporation by calculating the mass difference between the monoisotopic12C mass peak and the highest mass peak of the13C isotopologue. This procedure depends on a proper pre-fractionation, since the corresponding mass peaks can be rather difficult to identify. Alternative calculation methods are necessary to find the matching pairs at low incorporation levels [10].

Therefore, an improved method based on the comparison of theoretical and experimentally determined isotopic envelopes of peptides with known sequences was developed [11, 12]. However, both methods require a priori peptide identification to accurate determine the dynamic labeling of heavy stable isotopes. In order to reliable quantify partial13C incorporation into peptides, we developed a method based on the "half decimal place rule" (HDPR) (Figure 1C). Information about the dynamic incorporation levels in proteins from different microbial species can be used to elucidate the structure and function of the microbial community (Figure 1D). With this information, the carbon fluxes throughout the community may be followed and enables to deduce species interactions and activities (Figure 1E) [13, 14].

In this study, we describe a new and easy-to-apply algorithm for the determination of absolute heavy stable isotope incorporation (13C) into peptides/proteins by taking advantage of high-resolution MS data [15, 16], and the characteristic pattern arising from the decimal residuals of incorporated heavy stable carbon isotopes [17]. Annotated sequence information for measured peptides is no longer necessary for the calculation of13C incorporation that is an important consideration when analyzing uncultivable or incompletely sequenced bacteria. Moreover, we provide an easy-to-apply script set written in the statistical programming language R [18], enabling scientific researchers to calculate13C incorporation into peptides/proteins.

Theoretical background

In the past, mass spectrometers suffered from their low resolution and accuracy, restricting the possibility to predict chemical element contents based on the mass signals. Higher accuracy allows to create exact fitting curves describing the behavior of a mass signal as a function of both the mass and the e.g. sulfur content [19]. With up-coming of high resolution MS devices, a linear relationship between tryptic peptide masses and the decimal residuals (=digits behind the mass' decimal point) has been firstly observed by Mann [20] (for additional references see [19, 21]). Closer investigation of this mass mapping phenomenon by Schmidt et al. [17], led to the definition of the linear relationship of tryptic peptides and the corresponding decimal places, the so-called "half decimal place rule" (HDRP).

This rule declares that the decimal place of a tryptic peptide is near the half of the first digit for tryptic peptides in the range of 500-1,000 Dalton (Da), near the half of the first two digits for the range of 1,000-1,999 Da and again near the half of the first digit for masses from 2,000-3,000 Da. The rule was found to be helpful for e.g. the detection of non-peptide contaminants in mass spectrometric measurements and the recalibration of peptide masses [17]. Since only the digits behind the decimal point are necessary as information in order to identify some artifacts of tryptic peptides.

During the metabolic incorporation of13C amino acid precursors into proteins,13C atoms are gradually replaced12C atoms. This elemental substitution increases each peptide mass by exactly 1.003355 Da (= the difference between12C and13C atomic mass) per substituted carbon atom. In terms of decimal places for peptides, each incorporated heavy carbon atom result in a mass shift of exactly 0.003355 Da. Applying the HDRP to partly or fully labeled peptides, the linear relationship between peptide masses and their decimal places will result in an increase of the corresponding slope. The steepness of the slope increases in proportion with the amount of incorporated heavy stable isotopes. This effect can be used for the exact estimation of the amount of incorporation for any given set of measured peptide masses. The detection of these small mass shifts, however, requires highly accurate measurements. This is now possible with modern mass spectrometers such as a fourier transformation ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), linear ion trap with an Orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap) or quadruple time-of-flight (Q-TOF) instrument.

Methods

Calculation of isotopic composition of peptides

Processing of reference dataset

Since proteogenic amino acids are universal within all bacterial species, any high-resolution dataset can be used for referencing the theoretical decimal place calculation (as reference data and for calibration). An existing tryptic peptide dataset of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was used [22] that originally contained ~4,000 encoding genes of which 3,924 were identified as proteins [23]. The complete FASTA protein dataset is freely available from the Sanger Institute [24]. After a tryptic in-silico digest by MS-Digest [25], peptides between the mass range m/z 300-6,000 were considered for further analysis, resulting in 315,579 peptide fragment sequences. Further, we restricted the dataset to include only those tryptic peptides with a ChemScore ≥ 10 (ChemScore = sum of total free protein binding energy (for further details see [26–28]) and without missing cleavage sites or modifications. After this screening, the dataset was reduced to 90,637 remaining peptide sequences containing lengths between 2 and 40 amino acids. The monoisotopic mass of each sequence was calculated with given atomic masses of12C = 12.000000 Da,14N = 14.003074 Da,16O = 15.994915 Da,1H = 1.007825 Da,32S = 31.972071 Da to obtain the masses of 'light' (0 atom %13C incorporation) amino acids. Subsequently, by counting the numbers of carbons for each sequence and replacing the12C mass for the heavier13C (13.003355 Da), a dataset for the theoretical 100 atom %13C incorporation was obtained. The advantage of calculating the weight by counting C atom numbers is that the same procedure can be used to easily calculate a wide range of different13C incorporation levels.

Data classification and modification

Direct plotting of peptide masses against their decimal residuals would result in regular, diagonal linear shaped patterns (Figure 2). With increasing peptide masses, also their decimal residuals increase until they approach values close to 1. With further increasing, the decimal residuals start with values of 0 again. In order to obtain a continuous plot, the points of the second band had to be added on top of the first, and those of the third band on top of the second etc. by subsequently adding 0, 1, 2, etc Dalton to the residuals of each band.

Figure 2
figure 2

A scatter plot of masses from 90,637 peptides ( m/z ) and decimal residuals (digits behind the decimal point) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within a mass range of m/z 0-5,000. (A) Unlabeled sequences (0 atomic %13C incorporation), (B) fully labeled (100 atomic %13C incorporation). Lines depict the overlap of scatter groups.

However, due to slight deviations from linearity caused by the amino acid residues, an overlap of the bands occurs (indicated by vertical lines in Figure 2A), disabling a direct distinct and straightforward separation. Moreover, increasing substitution of peptides with heavy stable13C isotopes does not only result in an alteration of the slope becoming steeper, but also produces a continuous and gradual shift of the band along the m/z axis. Therefore, we developed a semi-automatic and more flexible approach. Each point cloud was separated by a standard classification method using k-means clustering. Prior to clustering, we transformed the original mass values in relation to their decimal residual values by the following equation,

(1)

where PM Trans = transposed peptide masses, PM = peptide masses, and DR = decimal residuals producing a plot as given in Figure 3. The value of 1,800 within the formula (1) was iteratively estimated. Gradually increase of this value made the bands steeper until reaching a maximal vertical position at a value of about 1,800. A value greater than 1,800 made the bands tilt towards the opposite direction. The following classification was conducted using the Hartigan and Wong algorithm for k-means clustering [29] with three (0; 2,000; 4,000 Da) and four (0; 1,600; 3,200; 4,800 Da) pre-set clustering centers for the 'light' (no13C incorporation) and 'heavy' (complete13C substitution) dataset. For the clustering, pre-set center mass values do not have to be overly accurate since the precise numbers are automatically determined during the clustering procedure from actual group means [30]. Finally, the original peptide masses were taken and ranked according to cluster affiliation of the corresponding transformed mass values. In a next step, 0 Da was added to the peptide mass values belonging to the first cluster, 1 Da was added to the values of the second cluster and so on. Plotting these new mass values versus their decimal residuals resulted in the final straight plot (Figure 4).

Figure 3
figure 3

A scatter plot of temporally transposed masses from 90,637 peptides ( m/z ) and decimal residuals of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dataset (details see text)). Grey dots indicate cluster affiliation after classification by k-means clustering for (A) Unlabeled sequences (0 atomic %13C incorporation), (B) fully labeled (100 atomic %13C incorporation).

Figure 4
figure 4

A scatter plot of 90,637 peptide masses ( m/z ) and their decimal residuals of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dataset after classification and data modification for unlabeled (0 atom %13C incorporation; light grey) and fully labeled (100 atom %13C incorporation; dark grey) peptide masses resulted. The two lines represent the slopes for the calculation of13C incorporation. The values of the two scatters are for the unlabeled b0% = 5.1357e-4 and b100% = 6.3347e-4 for fully labeled dataset. Numbers in each segment represent Daltons added to decimal residuals to achieve straight plot from figure 3 (for details see text).

Data plotting and linear slope estimation

Following this principle for peptide masses relating to 0 atom % and 100 atom %13C incorporation, two uniformly increasing point clouds with dissimilar slopes were produced (Figure 4). For both datasets, a fit on a linear model given by D R = b*P M with b equal to the slope value and an intercept of zero was carried out. The slope value b was estimated by adjusting the slope and minimizing the error sum of squares (SSE) of the decimal residual deviations:

(2)

with slope b calculated as:

(3)

with DR = decimal residual, PM = peptide mass, and n = number of peptide masses [31]. Slopes for 0 atom % and 100 atom %13C incorporation were estimated with an accuracy of 6 decimal digits and served as references for partial13C incorporation calculation.

All methods described above are summarized as easy-to-follow R-scripts which can be run under the statistical platform R [18]. 'Script 1' enables calculation of own reference dataset for 0% atom and 100% atom13C from any other protein mass dataset while reference slope calculation of can be done with help of 'Script 2'. Both scripts can be downloaded under [1].

Calculation of13C incorporation from practical mass spectrometric measurements

In order to estimate13C incorporation from experimentally derived datasets, processing occurred as described above. However, k-means clustering with very small datasets sometimes failed, because the algorithm required that at least one data point in each cluster to be present. In order to circumvent this difficulty, a set of dummy data containing one data point with values at the exact centers were added. Prior to13C incorporation calculation, those dummy points are removed again and, thus, have no influence on the following calculation.

In a second step, a linear fitting was conducted. While the standard linear fit by minimizing SSE is sufficient for large datasets, it is not feasible for smaller datasets like many user data consisting of relatively few peptide masses. Moreover, these data are often irregularly distributed and can contain outliers with extreme values characterized by strong deviations from linearity. In such cases, standard linear fitting is neither appropriate nor robust. Moreover, commonly applied SSE-based methods rely on the assumption that data residuals are normally distributed that, within user data is rarely found in practice. With datasets containing high variability and/or outliers, classical linear approximation methods often perform poorly [32, 33]. Therefore, we applied the more accurate and robust linear fitting algorithm (rlm) provided by the MASS package [30] in R that are better suited for small and highly variable datasets.

The rlm fitting approximation is using an iterative process examining which points cause strong shifts in the slope, and inversely re-weighting the data points during the least squares fitting process (IWLS-method [32, 34]). Using likelihood estimators, statistically robust methods minimize small deviations from model assumptions [30, 34].

Using reference slope values estimated (Figure 4) the relative13C incorporation of practical datasets is finally calculated by the relative fraction of the practical dataset

(4)

with13CUser % = relative isotope incorporation values from user data, buser = slope of regression estimated for practical data, b12C and b13C =12C and13C regression slope value for 0 atom %13C and 100 atom %13C incorporation, respectively.

We developed an easy-to-use R script for the estimation of13C atom % incorporation for user datasets which can be downloaded under [1] as 'script 3'.

User data have to be provided as an ASCII .txt file. The file should have the values of the peptide masses containing one peptide mass (z = 1 after deconvolution) per line with no header and/or row names. Measurements can be provided with comma or point decimal markers.

During the run of the script, a window opens and the user has to indicate where the ASCII.txt file is located. The file should have the values of the peptide masses containing one peptide mass (z = 1 after deconvolution) per line with no header and/or row names. After selecting the file, the calculation starts immediately and results in a scatter-plot with lines displaying the 0 atom % and 100 atom % incorporation reference lines, the user's peptide masses, the fitting line of the data with the standard error as quality proxy, and the estimated incorporation including the standard error estimation (Figure 5). In a loop process, the estimation of multiple measurement campaigns can be carried out.

Figure 5
figure 5

Typical plot resulting from user experimental measurements (dark circles), reference slope lines for unlabeled (0 atom %13C incorporation; dark grey line) and fully labeled (100 atom %13C incorporation; light grey line) and the slope calculated from user data measurements (thick black line). The13C incorporation for user data is directly calculated and displayed in the plot. This example consists of 150 practical peptides from Pseudomonas putida grown on fully labeled benzene.

Accuracy of the method

In order to determine the minimal number of needed peptide masses with an estimated incorporation accuracy of less than 5%, we additionally calculated an in silico peptide dataset with 50 atom % isotope incorporation of M. tuberculosis. We sub-sampled then the two already existing 0 and 100 atom, and the newly created 50%13C datasets by randomly drawing groups of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1,000 theoretical peptides across all peptide lengths with no repetition for 100 replications. For each within-group sub-sample, we calculated the median and the standard error of each subgroup. A resulting box-and-whisker plot for each drawing shows the accuracy of the incorporation as a function of number of peptide masses (Figure 6).

Figure 6
figure 6

Box-and-whisker plot for approximate accuracy of13C incorporation for groups of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 peptides from 100 random draws (no repetition) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide dataset of 0, 50 and 100 atom %13C incorporation. Boxes represent lower and upper quartile, whiskers the upper and lower (95%) confidence interval and thick lines in boxes the median within the sub-sample groups. The two thin black lines depict 5% incorporation limits and the thick black line depicts the number of samples necessary to cross the 5% incorporation limit.

General applicability of the method

The general applicability of our method was tested using a dataset from Pseudomonas putida ML2 growing on fully labeled13C-benzene (0.6 mM) until the stationary growth phase. The detailed experimental conditions are explained by Jehmlich et al., [6]. After protein extraction, peptides were analyzed by nano-LC-LTQ Orbitrap-MS. From these dataset, information form 150 tryptically-digested peptide masses were taken and the heavy stable isotopes incorporation was estimated.

Results and Discussion

Data processing

For the calibration of the unlabeled and completely labeled incorporation, a dataset of M. tuberculosis containing atomic masses of > 90,000 peptide fragments were used. Plotting unlabeled peptide masses directly against their decimal residuals. As a result, up to m/z values of ~2,000 a first point cloud increased linearly with corresponding decimal residuals approaching values close to 1 (Figure 2A). When the decimal residuals reaching 1, the next residual digits start to fill up and thus start at 0 again. Therefore, increases across values of 1 leads to the development of the next point cloud with values close to 0. For m/z ranges between 300 and 5,000, new point clouds begin. Especially, for fully labeled peptide masses, these breaks occur at slightly lower values of ~1,800 Da, ~3,200 Da, and ~4,800 Da, since overall slopes of scatter plots here become slightly steeper (Figure 2B). However, variations in the molecular composition of each theoretical peptide mass impeded a simple separation into groups in order to create a continuous linear plot. Therefore, transient transformation using formula (1) was required. During the transformation process, peptide masses with small residual values (i.e. those close to 0) are comparatively altered very little, while those with big values (close to 1) experience strong shifts towards the ordinate and thus result in the expected increase of slope steepness for each group (Figures 3A and 3B). Subsequent to transformation with formula (1), allows straightforward separation of the point clouds for both the unlabeled and the fully labeled dataset, and the clustering algorithm was able to separate all data points into distinct classes. Misgrouping occasionally occurred with higher peptide masses, where points become more dispersed within the group. However, misgrouping occurred only in less than 0.1% of all data points.

After separation into groups, and the addition of 0, 1, 2 and 3 Da according to the group affiliation of each data point, two separated linear point clusters with distinctive slopes were obtained (Figure 4). Two characteristics can be observed: (i) the two point clouds display heteroscedastic characteristics. The initially compact plot becomes more dispersed at higher peptide masses, with higher inclination from the ideal linearity. However, peptide masses have increased variance; (ii) since the used database also contains short-chained amino acid sequences, the point clouds also become less dense with increasing peptide masses.

Linear slopes and estimation of relative isotope incorporation

The accurate slope value for the unlabeled dataset was estimated as b0% = 5.1357e-4 and for the fully labeled dataset b100% = 6.3347e-4. These two values were used in further calculations as our standards for the 0 atomic % and 100 atomic % incorporation.

By applying formula (4), we were able to calcuate incomplete heavy stable isotope incorporation into peptides of user data. However, standard linear fitting depending on minimizing SSE turned out to be strongly influenced by outliers. Strong deviation of the expected slope caused by outliers occurred most frequently in scenarios with inhomogeneous distribution of the measurements along the m/z range. In the presence of outliers, especially with high values, traditional methods are inefficient and biased because the least squares predictions are often heavily dragged towards these outliers. While every added point in the traditional SSE method has a direct influence on the slope, SSE has a breakdown point value of 0 and signifying that every added point has the same influences on the slope value. Our recommended robust linear model algorithm has a breakdown point value of 0.5, meaning that at least 50% of the data need to be altered to cause the slope estimation to change. Thus, when peptide masses with high mass strongly deviated from the linear reference slope, the final slope completely affected by these values. Using the robust linear fitting (rlm) algorithm, the slope for the calculation can only altered if more than 50% of all used data points varied. Therefore, the rlm algorithm is more robust and stable if outliers are used in the dataset.

Accuracy of method

The accuracy of incorporation is strongly depends on the considered number of peptide masses. As expected, the accuracy was very poor with small datasets (when using only 10-30 peptide masses). The prediction accuracy was only < 25% at known 0, 50, and 100 atom %13C incorporation (Figure 6). However, after including more than 50 peptides, the prediction asymptotically approached less than 10% precision. After incorporation of about 100 peptide masses, the accuracy became better than 5%. However, the inclusion of more peptide masses (> 200) did not improve the accuracy further.

General applicability of the method

The method can be applied to a broad range of bacterial taxa. Data from other bacteria than the M. tuberculosis reference strain proved also to be very successful. In order to validate the method, we used peptides of the bacterium P. putida ML2 grown on fully labeled substrate in a batch culture. Obtained mass spectra were analyzed by a LTQ-Orbitrap and the incorporation of13C into the peptides was calculated applying our method. After data points fitting a graph with a slope of 6.2910e-4 was generated that corresponds to 97.3% ± 0.3%13C incorporation. This value of13C incorporation is quite comparable with other MS-based methods where the labeling efficiency was estimated as 98.6% ± 0.2% for13C labeled peptides [35]. However, in comparison of our algorithm with other MS-based methods, generally for the latter a much higher effort for estimating incorporation values is needed.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that our method can be used to estimate the13C incorporation into peptides/proteins accurately and sensitively. The method requires about 100 peptide masses in order to achieve an accuracy of less than 5%.

Generally, our method holds promise for wider applications in qualitative and quantitative proteomics. Comprehensive proteomic analyses of mixed communities would enable microbial ecologist to link community composition, physiology, function, ecology, interaction, and evolutionary processes [36]. Metaproteome analyses were performed by either gel-based [37] or by LC-MS based approaches [38] and would go one-step further with the combination of metabolic labeling and proteome analysis (Protein-SIP) by obtaining the metabolic activity of various species in microbial communities.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Christine Schumann and Michaela Öhler for excellent technical assistance. We gratefully want to thank Brandon E. Morris for kindly revising the English of this manuscript. Part of the work was funded by a grant within the priority programme SPP1319 provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG).

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Correspondence to Ingo Fetzer.

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Authors' contributions

IF participated in the conceptual design of study, conducted the computational implementation of the algorithm, conducted all calculations and statistical analyses. He also implemented the method into 'R' and wrote the scripts for user application of the method. Together with NJ, he drafted the manuscript. NJ contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of protein data and isotopic measurements used for manuscript and protein data analysis. CV conducted the necessary experimental work in the lab, carried out the lab data acquisition and final interpretation of the experimental data. He also critically revised the manuscript and helped to improve it substantially. H-HR contributed in the isotopic interpretation of the data, participated in the critical revision of the manuscript and helped in the final improvement of the version for publishing. JS performed protein data analysis and did the protein data acquisition and interpretation. HH revised the MS critically and helped to restructure the MS to its final publishable version. MvB was involved in the design of the study, mainly contributed to the introductory section of the manuscript, revised the manuscript critically and participated in the final improvement of this version. FS came up with the original idea for the algorithm, participated in the design of the study and was responsible for the coordination of the study. Additionally, he substantially contributed to the writing and improvement of the manuscript.

All authors read and approved the revised final mansucript

Ingo Fetzer, Nico Jehmlich contributed equally to this work.

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Fetzer, I., Jehmlich, N., Vogt, C. et al. Calculation of partial isotope incorporation into peptides measured by mass spectrometry. BMC Res Notes 3, 178 (2010). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/1756-0500-3-178

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