From: Development, reliability and validity of the Chichewa WHOQOL-BREF in adults in lilongwe, Malawi
a) Univariate Regressions | Physical domain (0–100 scale) | Psychological domain (0–100 scale) | Social domain (0–100 scale) | Environmental domain (0–100) | Overall domain (q1; 1–5 scale) | Health domain (q2; 1–5 scale) | ||||||||||||||||||
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(separate regr. for each variable) | 95%CI | 95%CI | 95%CI | 95%CI | 95%CI | 95%CI | ||||||||||||||||||
Independent variable | Coef. | p > |t| | lower | upper | Coef. | p > |t| | lower | upper | Coef. | p > |t| | lower | upper | Coef. | p > |t| | lower | upper | Coef. | p > |t| | lower | upper | Coef. | p > |t| | lower | upper |
Category: Reference = Sick(KCH) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Healthy (KCH) | 1.2 | 0.763 | −6.7 | −9.1 | −6.3 | 0.038 | −12.4 | −0.3 | 2.1 | 0.568 | −9.4 | 5.2 | −4.9 | 0.157 | −11.7 | 1.9 | −0.33 | 0.105 | −0.73 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.018 | 0.08 | 0.86 |
Healthy (village) | 9.0 | 0.032 | 0.8 | 17.2 | 1.2 | 0.701 | −5.0 | −7.4 | 3.1 | 0.425 | −4.5 | 10.6 | −3.2 | 0.374 | −10.3 | 3.9 | −0.22 | 0.302 | −0.63 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.160 | −0.12 | 0.69 |
Gender: Reference = male | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
female | −2.7 | 0.237 | −7.2 | 1.8 | −1.9 | 0.270 | −5.3 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.231 | −1.6 | 6.6 | 0.7 | 0.720 | −3.2 | 4.6 | 0.03 | 0.781 | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.328 | −0.11 | 0.33 |
Education: Reference = None | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Primary | 3.4 | 0.467 | −5.9 | 12.8 | 0.8 | 0.831 | −6.4 | 8.0 | 1.8 | 0.694 | −7.2 | 10.9 | −1.0 | 0.817 | −9.3 | 7.3 | 0.19 | 0.450 | −0.30 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.179 | −0.15 | 0.82 |
Secondary | 12.6 | 0.007 | 3.5 | 21.7 | 7.2 | 0.440 | 0.2 | 14.2 | 1.8 | 0.681 | −7.0 | 10.7 | 3.8 | 0.357 | −4.3 | 11.9 | 0.34 | 0.159 | −0.13 | 0.82 | 0.42 | 0.081 | −0.05 | 0.90 |
Tertiary | 21.6* | 2E-05* | 11.7* | 31.6* | 13.4* | 6E-04* | 5.8* | 21.1* | 6.6 | 0.177 | −3.0 | 16.3 | 9.9 | 0.029 | 1.0 | 18.7 | 0.82 | 0.002 | 0.30 | 1.34 | 0.59 | 0.027 | 0.07 | 1.10 |
Marital Status: Reference = Married | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Single | 6.8 | 0.010 | 1.6 | 12.0 | 7.3* | 4E-04* | 3.3* | 11.3* | −0.4 | 0.885 | −5.4 | 4.6 | 6.9 | 0.003 | 2.3 | 11.6 | 0.27 | 0.057 | −0.01 | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.399 | −0.15 | 0.38 |
Living as Married | 20.1 | 0.003 | 6.8 | 33.4 | 15.2 | 0.004 | 5.0 | 25.5 | 11.6 | 0.075 | −1.2 | 24.3 | 15.9 | 0.008 | 4.1 | 27.6 | 0.30 | 0.399 | −0.40 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.036 | 0.05 | 1.42 |
Separated | −16.0 | 0.432 | −16.0 | 6.8 | −4.7 | 0.293 | −13.5 | 4.1 | −6.7 | 0.230 | −17.7 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 0.943 | −9.7 | 10.5 | −0.30 | 0.325 | −0.90 | 0.30 | −0.48 | 0.107 | −1.07 | 0.10 |
Divorced | −1.0 | 0.858 | −11.5 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 0.750 | −6.8 | 9.5 | 2.4 | 0.648 | −7.8 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 0.488 | −6.0 | 12.6 | 0.12 | 0.678 | −0.44 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.802 | −0.47 | 0.61 |
Widowed | −15.0* | 1E-04* | −22.6* | −7.4* | −3.8 | 0.206 | −9.6 | 2.1 | −2.2 | 0.553 | −9.5 | 5.1 | −1.2 | 0.725 | −7.9 | 5.5 | −0.06 | 0.783 | −0.46 | 0.34 | −0.28 | 0.157 | −0.67 | 0.11 |
Ill: Reference category = not ill | −4.9 | 0.103 | −10.9 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 0.238 | −1.8 | 7.2 | −0.4 | 0.893 | −5.8 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 0.116 | −1.0 | 9.2 | 0.28 | 0.071 | −0.02 | 0.58 | −0.38 | 0.010 | −0.68 | −0.09 |
Age (years) | −0.44* | 4E-08* | −0.59* | −0.29* | −0.17 | 0.007 | −0.29 | −0.46 | −0.02 | 0.745 | −0.17 | 0.12 | −0.129 | 0.064 | −0.266 | 0.008 | −0.003 | 0.460 | −0.011 | 0.005 | −0.017* | 2E-05* | −0.025* | −0.009* |
Age 2 | −0.0053 | 5E-09 | −0.0070 | −0.0036 | −0.0017 | 0.015 | −0.0031 | −0.0033 | −8E-05 | 0.927 | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.092 | −0.003 | 0.0002 | −1E-05 | 0.803 | 0.000 | −8E-05 | −0.0002* | 3E-05* | −0.0003* | −0.0001* |
q1 (overall QoL, per 1 on 1–5 scale) | 6.4* | 6E-09* | 4.3* | 8.5* | 8.7* | 0* | 7.3* | 10.1* | 6.8* | 0* | 4.9* | 8.7* | 11.1* | 0* | 9.6* | 12.6* | 0.41* | 0* | 0.31* | 0.51* | ||||
q2 (overall health, per 1 on 1–5 scale) | 7.2* | 1E-10* | 5.0* | 9.3* | 4.2* | 1E-06* | 2.6* | 5.9* | 4.1* | 1E-04* | 2.0* | 6.1* | 4.4* | 7E-06* | 2.5* | 6.3* | 0.43* | 0* | 0.32* | 0.53* | ||||
q26 (Depression, per 1 on 1–5 scale) | 8.0* | 0* | 5.8* | 10.3* | 10.5* | 0* | 9.1* | 11.9* | 8.7* | 0 | 6.7* | 10.7* | 10.0* | 0* | 8.3* | 11.8* | 0.47* | 0* | 0.37* | 0.58* | 0.27* | 6E-06* | 0.16* | 0.39* |
Disability weight of illness (0–1 scale) | −23.3 | 0.005 | −39.4 | −7.1 | 3.7 | 0.536 | −8.1 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 0.564 | −9.7 | 17.7 | 8.7 | 0.18 | −4.0 | 21.5 | 0.4 | 0.304 | −0.4 | 1.2 | −0.8 | 0.042 | −1.5 | 0.0 |
b) Multivariate Restricted models a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Category: Reference = Sick(KCH) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Healthy (KCH) | −6.0 | 0.043 | −11.7 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Healthy (village) | 2.0 | 0.512 | −3.9 | 7.9 | no variables significantly associated with social relationships domain | |||||||||||||||||||
Gender: Reference = male | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
female | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Education: Reference = None | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Primary | 0.2 | 0.966 | −9.0 | 9.4 | 0.8 | 0.819 | −6.3 | 7.9 | 0.33 | 0.182 | −0.16 | 0.82 | ||||||||||||
Secondary | 5.0 | 0.297 | −4.4 | 14.4 | 4.9 | 0.171 | −2.1 | 12.0 | 0.53 | 0.038 | 0.03 | 1.04 | ||||||||||||
Tertiary | 14.6 | 0.005 | 4.4 | 24.8 | 11.2 | 0.005 | 3.4 | 18.9 | 1.03* | 2E-04* | 0.48* | 1.57* | ||||||||||||
Marital Status: Reference = Married | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Single | 0.9 | 0.746 | −4.5 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 0.022 | 0.7 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 0.003 | 2.3 | 11.6 | ||||||||||||
Living as Married | 17.0 | 0.010 | 4.0 | 29.9 | 14.3 | 0.006 | 4.1 | 24.4 | 15.9 | 0.008 | 4.1 | 27.6 | ||||||||||||
Separated | −5.6 | 0.313 | −16.5 | 5.3 | −5.5 | 0.209 | −14.0 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.943 | −9.7 | 10.5 | ||||||||||||
Divorced | −2.5 | 0.629 | −12.7 | 7.7 | −0.7 | 0.855 | −8.7 | 7.2 | 3.3 | 0.488 | −6.0 | 12.6 | ||||||||||||
Widowed | −8.0 | 0.053 | −16.1 | 0.1 | −2.5 | 0.399 | −8.3 | 3.3 | −1.2 | 0.725 | −7.9 | 5.5 | ||||||||||||
Ill: Reference category = not ill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Age (years) | −0.068 | 0.002 | −0.111 | −0.025 | −0.017* | 2E-05* | −0.025* | −0.009* | ||||||||||||||||
Age 2 | −0.0027 | 0.012 | −0.0049 | −0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
R 2 | 0.196 | 0.150 | 0.018 | 0.049 | 0.088 | 0.057 | ||||||||||||||||||
c) Variables added to multivariate restricted models b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
q1 (overall QoL, per 1 on 1–5 scale) | 3.6* | 0.001* | 1.4* | 5.8* | 7.7* | 0* | 6.2* | 9.2* | 6.2* | 1E-08* | 4.1* | 8.3* | 11.1* | 0 | 9.5* | 12.7* | 0.4* | 0* | 0.3* | 0.5* | ||||
q2 (overall health, per 1 on 1–5 scale) | 4.0* | 5E-04* | 1.8* | 6.2* | 0.3 | 0.660 | −1.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.190 | −0.7 | 3.5 | −0.7 | 0.409 | −2.3 | 0.9 | 0.43* | 0* | 0.33* | 0.53* | ||||
q26 (Depression, per 1 on 1–5 scale) | 6.1* | 9E-08* | 3.9* | 8.3* | 9.6* | 0* | 8.2* | 11.1* | as univariate above | 9.8* | 0* | 7.9* | 11.5* | 0.45* | 0* | 0.34* | 0.56* | 0.24* | 5E-05* | 0.12* | 0.35* | |||
Disability weight of illness (0–1 scale) | −17.5 | 0.026 | −33.0 | −2.1 | 4.4 | 0.479 | −7.8 | 16.6 | as univariate above | 9.4 | 0.142 | −3.2 | 22.1 | 0.26 | 0.513 | −0.51 | 1.02 | −0.56 | 0.134 | −1.30 | 0.17 |