Medical disorders | |
---|---|
Cardiovascular disorders | myocardial ischemia; angina pectoris; pericarditis [2, 3]; myocardial infarction (MI) [2, 3, 6]; MI as single presenting symptom [4]; internal jugular vein cannulation (as a complication) [7] |
Esophago-gastrointestinal disorders | esophageal and gastric distention; erosive esophagitis; herpetic esophagitis; gastro-esophageal reflux; gastric and duodenal ulcers; gastric, pancreatic and colon cancers; hepatoma and liver metastasis; pancreatitis; cholecystitis; ascites; gastric outlet obstruction; small bowel obstruction; subdiaphragmatic abscess; gastrointestinal investigations [2, 3] |
Central nervous system disorders | traumatic brain injury; brain abscess; meningitis; brain stem lesion; medulla oblongata lesion; lateral medullary infarction [2, 3]; brain stem tumor (as primary manifestation) [8]; multiple sclerosis (as single symptom) [9] |
Pulmonary and thoracic disorders | pneumonia; pleuritis; asthma; lung tumors; thoracic herpes zoster; acute negative intrathoracic pressure; mediastinal local nerve compression or infection; bronchoscopy [3, 4] |
Renal disorders | |
Electrolyte and metabolic disorders | hyponatremia; hypokaliemia; hypocalcaemia; azotemia; uncontrolled diabetes mellitus [3, 4] |
Others | local and general anesthesia; alcohol intake; psychogenic origin disorders [3, 4] |