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Table 7 Univariate and multivariable risk factors for kidney disease status using multinomial regression

From: Prevalence and risk factors of kidney disease in urban Karachi: baseline findings from a community cohort study

Variables

Mild kidney disease

Moderate kidney disease

 

Prevalence odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Prevalence odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

UNIVARIATE

    

Age, yrs

1.02 (0.99-1.04)

0.22

1.1 (1.07-1.13)

0.000**

Diabetes mellitus status

    

 Diabetic

2.7 (0.9-7.8)

0.07

3.0 (1.02-8.61)

0.047*

 Non-diabetic

Ref

 

Ref

 

Hypertension status

    

 Hypertensive

1.4 (0.6-3.4)

0.49

3.9 (1.8-8.7)

0.001*

 Normotensive

Ref

 

Ref

 

Smoking status

    

 Regular smoker

1.05 (0.3-3.7)

0.94

5.2 (2.2-12.4)

0.000**

 Non-smoker

Ref

 

Ref

 

Gender

    

 Male

1.7 (0.8-3.6)

0.18

1.4 (0.7-3.2)

0.4

 Female

Ref

 

Ref

 

HDL

1.011 (0.97-1.06)

0.62

0.95 (0.89-1.01)

0.09

MULTIVARIABLE

Adj POR (95% CI)

p value

Adj POR (95% CI)

p value

Age, yrs

1.01 (0.98-1.04)

0.49

1.08 (1.05-1.12)

0.000**

Diabetes mellitus status

    

 Diabetic

2.0 (0.4-9.6)

0.4

0.78 (0.16-3.9)

0.77

 Non-diabetic

Ref

 

Ref

 

Hypertension status

    

 Hypertensive

1.08 (0.4-2.9)

0.9

1.6 (0.6-4.1)

0.4

 Normotensive

Ref

 

Ref

 

Smoking status

    

 Regular smoker

0.9 (0.2-3.3)

0.9

2.6 (0.9-7.1)

0.07

 Non-smoker

Ref

 

Ref

 
  1. The reference category is: absence of kidney disease.
  2. *p value < 0.05; **p value < 0.0001 calculated by multinomial logistic regression.
  3. Abbreviation: POR Prevalence Odds Ratio.