Table 1 Reported prevalence of diabetic retinopathy
Author(s); country of origin | Number of centres | Age, mean (SD) yrs.; sample size | Any DR | Non-proliferative DR | Proliferative or treated DR | Predictors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arfken et al. 1998; U.S.A.[31] | Not provided | 19.0 (11.0) (White); n 215 (n 312 TS) | Â | Â | 10.2% | Moderate/severe DR (proliferative DR) |
OR 12.40 (* 5.31 - 28.98) | ||||||
Moderate/severe DR in White participants (proliferative DR) | ||||||
OR 16.55 (* 5.43 - 50.45) | ||||||
HbA1c (2% change) (proliferative DR) | ||||||
OR 1.92 (* 1.36 - 2.70) | ||||||
HbA1c (2% change) in White participants (proliferative DR) | ||||||
OR 2.17 (* 1.34 - 3.50) | ||||||
Broe et al. 2014; Denmark[32] | Not provided | 21.0 (3.3) (In 1995 study), 20.2 (3.2) (Not in 1995 study); n 185 (In 1995 study), n 139 (Not in 1995 study) (n 324 TS) | Â | In 1995 study: 61.2% | In 1995 study: 0.5% | Â |
Not in 1995 study: 51.8% | Not in 1995 study: 0.7% | |||||
James et al. 2014; Australia[34] | Not provided | 23.0 (3.7); n 95 (2010), n 85 (2011) (n 707 TS) | 2010: 13.7% 2011: 9.4% | Â | Â | Â |
LeCaire et al. 2006; U.S.A.[36] | Not provided | 9Â yrs.: 18.8 (7.2) (DR -), 21.1 (6.4) (DR +); n 290 (n 474 TS) | 9Â yrs.: 47% | 9Â yrs.: 33% (Min); 11% (M); 2% (Mod - Sev) | 9Â yrs.: 0.3% | Age at examination (per year) (DR) |
< 20Â years Hazard ratio 1.2 (* 1.1 - 1.3) | ||||||
≥ 20 years Hazard ratio 1.0 (* 1.0 - 1.0) | ||||||
Diabetes duration at examination | ||||||
versus 4Â years (DR) | ||||||
7Â years Hazard ratio 1.6 (* 0.8 - 3.3) | ||||||
9Â years Hazard ratio 4.1 (* 2.2 - 7.6) | ||||||
14Â years Hazard ratio 7.9 (* 3.5 - 17.5) | ||||||
Non -White-race (versus White race) | ||||||
Hazard ratio 1.6 (* 0.8 - 3.0) | ||||||
HbA1c (per 1%) by diabetes duration (DR) | ||||||
4Â years Hazard ratio 1.1 (* 1.0 - 1.3) | ||||||
7Â years Hazard ratio 1.4 (* 1.3 - 1.6) | ||||||
9Â years Hazard ratio 1.4 (* 1.2 - 1.6) | ||||||
14Â years Hazard ratio 1.2 (* 1.0 - 1.6) | ||||||
Male sex (DR) | ||||||
Hazard ratio 1.3 (* 1.0 - 1.7) | ||||||
Olsen et al. 1999; Denmark[37] | 19 and five^ | Median 21.1 (range 12.0 - 26.9); n 205 > 20 yrs. (n 339 TS) |  | 48.9% (Min) 20% (Mod plus) |  |  |
Olsen et al. 2004; Denmark[38] | 19 and six^ | 20.4 (3.2) (Prepubertal diabetes onset), 24.2 (1.3) (Pubertal/post-pubertal diabetes onset); n 304 (Prepubertal diabetes onset), n 49 (Pubertal/post-pubertal diabetes onset ) (n 353 TS) | 57.6% |  |  | HbA1c (DR); p < 0.0001 |
Diabetes duration | ||||||
before puberty (DR); p < 0.05 | ||||||
after the onset of puberty (DR); p < 0.001 | ||||||
Salardi et al. 2012; Italy[40] | n 11 | Very young pre-pubertal onset 22.0 (4.5); n 53 (n 105 TS) | 40% Diabetes duration - < 20 yrs.: 27% > 20 yrs.: 88% | 30% (M); 10% (Mod - Sev) |  |  |