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Table 4 Mean values for blood lipid parameters before (T 0 ) and after (T 1 ) the training program in the low (N=6) and moderate (N=8) altitude study groups

From: Pilot study on the effects of a 2-week hiking vacation at moderate versus low altitude on plasma parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome

Variable

Low altitude

Moderate altitude

Altitude

Training

Altitude × training

 

T 0

T 1

T 0

T 1

η 2 P

P

η 2 P

P

η 2 P

P

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

195.5 ± 29.4

188.8 ± 20.2

206.6 ± 36

179.9 ± 40.4

0.000

0.950

0.357

0.024

0.167

0.147

HDL-C (mg/dl)

47.5 ± 4.0

47.8 ± 7.7

46.6 ± 10.6

47.0 ± 11.6

0.002

0.866

0.011

0.716

0.000

0.983

LDL-C (mg/dl)

145.2 ± 30.8

131.7 ± 23.6

145.6 ± 33.3

120.2 ± 37.4

0.010

0.734

0.353

0.025

0.048

0.450

TG (mg/dl)

117.5 ± 48.5

121.5 ± 31.0

186.4 ± 93.1

126.8 ± 58.8

0.101

0.269

0.233

0.080

0.284

0.050

Free fatty acids (mg/dl)

13.6 ± 5.9

12.8 ± 8.3

11.5 ± 5.5

13.6 ± 4.8

0.003

0.846

0.025

0.590

0.106

0.257

Adiponectin (mg/l)

10.1 ± 2.8

9.1 ± 3.1

9.5 ± 2.9

8.1 ± 2.0

0.025

0.591

0.642

<0.001

0.027

0.578

Leptin (μg/l)

11.2 ± 5.3

11.8 ± 5.6

11.2 ± 9.1

8.2 ± 7.3

0.018

0.649

0.108

0.251

0.217

0.093

Insulin (U/l)

16.8 ± 10.2

18.3 ± 9.8

14.7 ± 5.8

15.7 ± 8.0

0.026

0.579

0.041

0.486

0.003

0.859

Glucose (mg/dl)

107.3 ± 23.5

105.8 ± 16.9

104.9 ± 18.1

103.3 ± 20.3

0.005

0.809

0.020

0.628

0.000

0.985

C-peptide (U/l)

3.6 ± 1.2

3.5 ± 1.0

3.5 ± 1.1

3.3 ± 1.3

0.005

0.818

0.045

0.467

0.006

0.786

C-reactive protein (mg/dl)

0.20 ± 0.14

0.21 ± 0.11

0.43 ± 0.40

0.35 ± 0.36

0.128

0.209

0.021

0.652

0.026

0.580

  1. Effect sizes from a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA: main effect of altitude, main effect of training and altitude-training interaction.
  2. Data are mean ± standard deviation; η2 P = effect size (partial eta squared; ‘small’ effect size, 0.01 <η2 P ≤ 0.06; ‘medium’ effect size, 0.06 < η2 P ≤ 0.14; ‘large’ effect size, η2 P > 0.14); P = significance level of the F statistic; N = number; T = time point; BMI = body mass index; WC = waist circumference; Max. syst. BP = maximum systolic blood pressure; Diast. BP = diastolic blood pressure; HR = heart rate; bpm = beats per minute; Max. = maximum; Age-adjust. = age-adjusted; CF = cardiac frequency.