Table 3 List of plants used for malaria treatment in the study region

1.

Abrus precatorius Linn.

10787

Fabaceae

Ratti, Ghumchi

Whole plant

Two spoonful decoction of plant is taken orally twice a day for 3 days

Fruit orchard and climbing over trees

[14], [22]: p. 89

2.

Acacia farnesiana

(L.) Willd.

10788

Fabaceae

Tarua kadam (Ass)

Bark

^aDecoction of bark is used

Found wild in wastelands, cultivated in gardens

[13], [22]: p. 125, [25]

3.

Achyranthes aspera Linn.

10789

Amaranthaceae

Chirchita/

Apamarga/ Chitchita

Roots

With kali mirch used for intermittent fever and malaria

Roadsides, hills up to 900 m, Railway lines, wastelands

[22]: p. 271, [26]: p. 39, [27]: p. 2066

4.

Adhatoda vasica Nees

10790

Acanthaceae

Arusa/

Vasaka

Roots

Powdered roots are used by native doctors for malaria

Cultivated lands, Waste places and Railway tracks

[22]: p. 240, [27]:

p. 1899

5.

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.

10791

Amaranthaceae

Gorakhganja/ Bhadra

Whole

plant

Plant is grinded and mixed with water and given to patient

Weed of crop fields, in fruit orchards

[2], [22]: p. 271, [26]: p. 67

6.

Alstonia scholaris

(L.) R.Br.

10792

Apocyanaceae

Saptaparna/ Saptachada/ chatiyan

Leaves,

Bark and

Flower

Decoction is prepared and 2 teaspoon is given twice a day with honey

Planted as roadside tree and also found wild

[2], [22]: p. 192, [26]: p. 111

7.

Alternanthera sessilis

(L.) R.Br. ex DC.

10793

Amaranthaceae

Gudrisag/ Matsyaksi

Leaves and

Stems

Decoction of leaf is given

Weed of cultivated field and in moist waste places

[1], [22]: p. 273, [26]: p. 118

8.

Amaranthus

spinosus Linn.

10794

Amaranthaceae

Chaulai Bhaji, Cholai

Roots

Juice obtained from squeezed roots is mixed with powdered rice and taken with water till cure

Along roads, canals, railway tracks and a weed of cultivated fields

[22]: p. 274, [28]

9.

Ammannia baccifera

Linn.

10795

Lythraceae

Dadamari

Leaves

Leaves are used in fever

Marshy lands, Paddy fields, moist places

[22]: p. 136, [26]: p. 125, [35]

10.

Andrographis paniculata

Wall. ex Nees

10796

Acanthaceae

Kalmegh

Leaves

Decoction of leaves is taken orally for twice a day with half glass of milk

Shady waste grounds

[14], [22]: p. 241

11.

Asteracantha longifolia

(L.) Nees

10797

Acanthaceae

Talmakhana

Whole

plant

Juice of whole plant is given to patients

Shallow ditches along roads

[4], [22]: p. 244

12.

Azardirachta indica

A.Juss

10798

Meliaceae

Neem

Leaves and

Fruits

Decoction of leaves and fruits is given

Planted in gardens and near temples

[2], [22]: p. 70, [26]: p. 227

13.

Barleria prionitis Linn.

10799

Acanthaceae

Kastira,

Bajradanti

Leaves

Decoction of leaf is given with honey for 7 days

Waste ground, planted as border plant

[14], [22]: p. 242

14.

Bauhinia variegata Linn.

10800

Fabaceae

Kachnar

Bark,

Root and

Leaves

Decoction of bark, root and/or leaves is used

Planted in gardens and as roadside tree

[2], [22]: p. 115, [26]: p. 256

15.

Boerhaavia diffusa

L.nom.cons.

10801

Nyctaginaceae

Gadapurna / Punarnava

Roots

Drink this herb root paste for malaria treatment

Elevated lands, roadsides, railway tracks, waste places, crevices of walls and fruit orchards

[22]: p. 269, [26]: p. 281, [29]

16.

Caesalpinia crista

(Linn.)

10802

Fabaceae

Kat-karanj, Karanju

Roots

and

Seeds

Prepared in form of dry powder in dose of ½ gm with honey

Open wastelands and along Nallas

[2], [22]: p. 115, [26]: p. 320

17.

Carica papaya Linn.

10803

Caricaceae

Papita

Leaves

Decoction of leaves is used

Cultivated around bungalows and gardens

[22]: p. 143, [25]

18.

Cassia fistula Linn.

10804

Fabaceae

Amaltas

Fruits

and

Buds

Decoction of fruits and buds are used

Deciduous tree Planted roadside and in gardens

[22]: p. 118, [30]: p. 856

19.

Cissampelos pareira Linn.

10805

Menisperma-ceae

Harjuri, Bharat-buti

Root

Juice of the root is administered

Fruit orchard, and as hedges of parks and gardens

[22]: p. 34,

20.

Citrus medica Linn.

10806

Rutaceae

Jameri-nimbu

Fruit

Juice is of fruit is used

Planted in Gardens, Lahladpur area

[22]: p. 67, [25]

21.

Clerodendron infortunatum Linn.

10807

Verbenaceae

Bhat

Root

and

Leaves

One tea spoonful leaf juice is taken 3 times daily for a week

Under shades of trees, fruit orchards

[22]: p. 254, [28], [31]

22.

Cosmos sulphureus Cav.

10808

Asteraceae

Cosmos 

Leaves

Leaves and aerial are part used in intermittent fever

Throughout study area

[9]

23.

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

10809

Convolvulaceae

Amarbel

Stem

Paste of about 10 gm stem and 7 black pepper seeds is taken with water

Twining upon Adhatoda vasica, near Surajkund, Tiwaripur region

[14], [22]: p. 216

24.

Cyperus scariosus Br.

10810

Cyperaceae

Nagarmotha/ Chakranksha

Roots

Decoction of root is used

Shallow water bodies of study area

[22], [32]: p. 2637

25.

Datura metel Linn.

10811

Solanaceae

Dhatura

Seed, Leaves, and

Roots

Administered as decoction of plant parts

Frequently in waste places

[22]: p. 219, [33]

26.

Eclipta prostrata (Linn.)Linn

10812

Asteraceae

Bhangraiya, Bhringaraj

Whole plant,

Root and

Leaves

Plant and its parts are grinded and mixed with water and given to patient

Open pastures, wet regions, along water canals

[2], [22]: p. 175

27.

Erythrina

variegata Linn.

10813

Fabaceae

Pangara

Bark

Bark paste is made in to pills and are taken till cure

Moderate sized deciduous tree planted in gardens, Near Ramgarh tal

[22]: p. 99, [28]

28.

Jatropha gossypifolia Linn.

10814

Euphorbiaceae

Bhakrend

Seeds

Seeds are taken with water

Roadside weed and found at other waste ground

[22]: p. 296, [28]

29.

Lantana camara Linn

10815

Verbenaceae

Ghaneri

Whole plant

Plant decoction is given

Roadsides, Wild, Wastelands and Railway colony

[22]: p. 256, [34]

30.

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link.

10816

Lamiaceae

Gopha, Drona pushpi

Leaves

Leaves used as mosquito repellent by the rural people

Weed of crop field, waste places, dry open sandy soil, Bhathat region

[14], [22]: p. 263, [41]

31.

Ludwigia octovalvis

(Jacq.) P.H. Raven

10817

Onagraceae

Panijalokia

Leaves

Leaf juice is used in intermittent fever

Wet places, sides of tanks

[22]: p. 141, [35]

32.

Magnolia grandiflora Linn.

10818

Magnoliaceae

Andachampa

Bark

Bark is boiled in water and remaining water is given to patient

Planted in gardens, Gorakhnath temple area

[22]: p. 31

33.

Momordica charantia Linn.

10819

Cucurbitaceae

Kathnim, Karavellaka

Roots

and

Fruits

Decoction of roots and fruits is used

Cultivated, found wild, climbing on hedges

[2], [22]: p. 149

34.

Murraya koenigii

(L.) Sprengel

10820

Rutaceae

Bursunga/ Gandhla

Roots

Juice of roots is given in malaria

Deciduous shrub on waste grounds along water bodies, planted in gardens

[2], [22]: p. 69, [36]: p. 472

35.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.

10821

Oleaceae

Harsingar

Leaves

250 gm leaf is boiled in ½ lit water and mix with leaf juice of Ocium tenuiflorium. Mix with honey, 50 ml of this for 3 days

Gardens, Bungalow, Temple and Railway colonies

[14], [22]: p. 191, [40]

36.

Ocimum

sanctum

Linn.

10822

Lamiaceae

Tulsi

Roots

decoction of roots given as

diaphoretic in malarial fever

Found as an escape from cultivation in moist places

[9], [22]: p. 267

37.

Oenanthe javanica

(BL.) DC.

10823

Apiaceae

Pan tarori

Whole Plant

Plant extract is used in mild fever

Weed in moist waste places, fruit orchards, along water channels

[32]: p. 156, [35]

38.

Piper longum Linn.

10824

Piperaceae

Peeper, Peepramool

Fruits

and

Roots

Plant part is grinded, mixed with water and administered orally

Forest Zone of whole study area and hotter regions

[27]: p. 2128

39.

Pongamia pinnata

(L.) Pierre

10825

Fabaceae

Karanja

Fruit

Fruit is boiled in water and administered as decoction

Roadside, near Canals, Wasteland, Moist regions, Pharenda and Ramgarh forest

[22]: p. 108

40.

Putranjiva roxburghii (Wall.)

10826

Euphorbiaceae

Putjev, Jiaputa, Putrajiva

Leaves

Leaves and stones given in decoction for cold fever

Wild, tropical and cultivated, hedge plants in gardens

[9], [27]: p. 2237, [22]: p. 299.

41.

Rauvolfia serpentine (Linn.) Benth.

10827

Apocynaceae

Dhamarharua

Roots

A paste of root and black pepper is administered

Damp places, wild in forests

[14], [22]: p. 196, [28]

42.

Scoparia

dulcis Linn.

10828

Scrophularia-ceae

Mithi patti

Leaves

Two teaspoonful of leaf juice is taken twice a day

Waste places and a weed of crop fields

[22]: p. 231, [28]

43.

Sida rhombifolia Linn.

10829

Malvaceae

Bariara

Roots

Boiled extract is given

Shady waste places near tals (water bodies), hedges

[22]: p. 55, [37]

44.

Solanum indicum Linn.

10830

Solanaceae

Lapta Brihatti, Banbhanta

Fruits

Burnt fruits are consumed

Found as wild in whole study area

[22]: p. 222, [25]

45.

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

10831

Menispermaceae

Rajpatha

Roots

Sun-dried roots powder is given orally with boiled water twice a day

Hedges on moist ground

[2]: p. 36

46.

Streblus asper Lour.

10832

Moraceae

Singhor

Bark

Juice obtained from squeezed bark is taken till cure

Small evergreen tree found throughout the study area

[22]: p. 308, [28]

47.

Swertia chirata Buch.Ham

10833

Gentianaceae

Chiraita,

Charayatah

Kirata tikta

Whole plant

Plant part is boiled in water till 75 % is evaporated and it is drink like tea

Temperate Himalayas, 4000-10000 ft, Paniara region

[27]: p. 1664

48.

Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers.

10834

Menisperma-ceae

Gurch,

Giloe

Stems

and

Roots

Decoction of roots is given for malaria

On hedges and trees, tropical regions of study area

[2], [22]: p. 35, [36]: p. 77

49.

Vandellia sessiliflora

Benth.

10835

Scrophularia-ceae

Lindernia sp.Indian

Whole plant

Decoction of whole plant is used

Damp and shady places, grows with grasses

[22]: p. 229, [38]

50.

Vernonia cinerea

(Linn.) Less.

10836

Asteraceae

Sahdevi

Whole

plant

Decoction is prepared and 2 tea spoonful is given twice a day

Weed of crop field and waste grounds

[2], [22]: p. 181

51.

Xanthium strumarium Linn.

10837

Asteraceae

Lapetua

Roots

Decoction is prepared of roots of Lapetua

Waste places, long railway tracks and roadsides

[2], [22]: p. 183