Fig. 2

Prophylactic treatment with LL-37 reduces chemokine expression associated with RSV-A2 infection. ALI—cultured Calu-3 cells were infected at the apical surface with RSV-A2 at MOI = 1, or treated prophylactically or therapeutically with 50 μg/ml LL-37 or sLL-37. Prophylactic treatment was defined as a 1 h co-incubation of virus with peptide immediately prior to infection. Therapeutic treatment was defined as inclusion of peptide in the basolateral medium, beginning 24 h pi, with replacement of medium and peptide at 3 days pi. At 7 days pi, an apical wash was performed of all samples, and cytokine and chemokine expression was determined by 27-plex Bioplex assay of three samples per infection condition. Data is presented as mean pg/ml of each cytokine ± SD. Asterisk, p ≤ 0.05 compared to levels of expression from mock-infected ALI-Calu-3; Dagger, p ≤ 0.05 compared to levels of expression from RSV-A2—infected ALI-Calu-3; Double dagger, p ≤ 0.05 between LL-37 and sLL-37—treated, RSV-A2 infected ALI-Calu-3, as determined by unpaired two-tailed analysis. The data presented in this figure is representative of three independent experiments