Skip to main content
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

In silico analyses of heparin binding proteins expression in human periodontal tissues

Abstract

Background

Periodontitis is described as a group of inflammatory diseases of the gingiva and supporting structures of the periodontium. The accumulation of plaque bacteria, which include putative periodontal pathogens, is known to initiate the disease but the host immune response is the major contributing factor for destruction of periodontal tissues. Proteins that bind to heparin heparin-binding protein (HBPs) play important roles in health and disease and interact with each other via networks known as ‘heparin interactomes’. This study aimed at evaluating published datasets of HBPs and its role in periodontitis.

Methods

To elucidate the role of HBPs in periodontitis, bioinformatics analyses of published data was used. In silico analyses of published datasets were used to construct a putative HBPs interactome using an online database resource, ‘STRING’ (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes).

Results

PubMed searches identified 249 genes that were up regulated and 146 genes that were down regulated in periodontal disease, compared with periodontal disease-free gingival samples. In silico analyses using published datasets revealed 25 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated HBPs in periodontitis. Of these HBPs; chemokines, such as CXCL12 was up regulated where as some of the matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-2 and MMP9) were up-regulated while MMP-14 was down regulated.

Conclusions

The results indicate that HBP analyses will provide multiple targets for the biological mechanisms underlying periodontal disease (such as MMPs, cytokines and chemokines) that will have important clinical implications in the future drug design and management of periodontal disease.

Background

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease instigated by the accumulation of certain pathogenic plaque bacteria that leads to the damage of the supporting tissues of teeth and can affect up to 45 % of UK dentate adults [1]. This is a disturbing development, as periodontitis may be a risk factor for severe systemic conditions such as arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke; preterm, low birth weight babies and pose threats to those with chronic disease such as diabetes, respiratory diseases and osteoporosis [2]. Currently, periodontal therapy involves scaling or root planning, and in more severe cases antimicrobial agents such as doxycycline, metronidazole, minocycline or combined antimicrobial chemotherapy. While drug treatment can result in control of pain and swelling, it is difficult to stop the associated structural destruction. Thus, attention has been channelled to finding ways to inhibit the biological mechanisms that underlie the inflammation process.

To date, several proteins influencing periodontitis have been identified but how these proteins interact with each other in the progression of periodontitis is still not clear. Therefore identifying such interactions will be useful in determining the target towards therapeutic development. From this angle, heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) which are extracellular regulatory proteins that mediate cell communication in development, homeostasis and disease [35] appear to be very important in the understanding of the progression of periodontitis. It has been reported that HBPs such as azurocidin could be a potential candidate for a biomarker for the early detection of inflammatory periodontal destruction [6]. Many pathogens express proteins such as matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) that interact with heparin/heparan sulfate (HS), as part of their molecular adaptation to infection of mammals [7].

Fibroblasts secrete collagenase MMPs causing periodontium degradation, whilst fibronectin, inhibits expression of interleukin-1 and modulates this pathogenic mechanism [8]. MMPs are endopeptidases that require metal ions as cofactors for activity and are critical in collagenous cartilage matrix degradation [9]. MMPs are responsible for the destruction of collagen (MMP- 1 and 8), stromolysins (MMP-3, 10 and 11) for that of proteoglycans [10]. Tissue inhibitors of MMPs, TIMPs counteract the destructive effect of MMPs, and alterations of this balance causes pathological destruction of the periodontium [10]. These proteins are HBPs [4], which may explain in part the effects of heparin in periodontitis, where it alters MMP/TIMP complexes circulating in blood, and increases release of TIMP-2 [11]. Heparin/HS, HBPs and MMPs are, thus, important in periodontitis. But detailed studies have not been conducted to analyse such interations in periodontitis. Therefore the aim of this study was to integrate and rationalise available data on HBPs with a view to identify drug targets that play important roles in periodontitis.

Methods

Construction of the heparin-binding putative protein interactome in periodontitis and network analysis

HBPs associated with periodontitis were obtained using a combination of searches in PubMed using search terms such as ‘periodontal disease’, ‘periodontitis’, ‘periodontal disease microarray’, ‘periodontitis microarray’, ‘periodontitis and heparin’, periodontal disease and heparin’, ‘periodontitis and ‘heparan sulphate’ and ‘periodontal disease and ‘heparan sulphate’. A PubMed search identified 249 genes that were up regulated and 146 genes that were down regulated in periodontal disease, compared with periodontal disease-free gingival samples (supplementary information, [4]). Interactions between HBPs in periodontitis were obtained using the online database resource ‘Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes’ (STRING), as described previously for analogous datasets of HBPs in normal pancreas and pancreatic disease [5]. STRING 9.1 is a database of known and predicted functional interactions and is a comprehensive resource that can be used with Cytoscape [12]. In STRING interactions are given a confidence score that estimates the likelihood of the interaction describing a functional linkage between the two proteins. Only interactions with the highest confidence score (0.900 and above) were used to build networks using Cytoscape 2.8.1, [13]. The connectivity networks were called ‘putative protein interactomes’, because the HBP lists were derived from mRNA expression data and the interactions between the HBPs were obtained from STRING. The network parameters were analysed using the ‘NetworkAnalyzer’ plugin [14] available in Cytoscape. The ‘Cluster ONE’ plugin in Cytoscape was used to identify densely connected, cohesive groups of HBPs within the putative HBP interactome, with a view to identifying potential drug targets in periodontitis [15]. In the putative protein interactome graphs, the HBPs or ‘nodes’ are connected by black lines that denote the interactions or ‘edges’.

Functional analysis of HBPs

Tools for gene ontology (GO) term enrichment were used to undertake functional analyses of the HBPs in periodontitis, as described previously [5]. GO covers biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF) sub-ontologies. Enrichment of GO terms is a means to provide biological context to the datasets of HBPs. It was performed using the ‘Database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery’ (DAVID) and GO FAT annotation [16]. GO FAT is a subset of the GO term set created by filtering out the broadest ontology terms to avoid overshadowing more specific ones.

Results and discussion

Construction of the heparin-binding putative protein interactome in periodontitis and network analysis

HBPs play a major role in many fundamental biological processes in health and disease [3, 4]. The potential of HBPs as therapeutic targets in periodontal disease is evident from the recent use of an HS-mimetic to facilitate regeneration of the periodontium in the presence of pathogenic periodontal bacteria [17]. Heparin has both direct and indirect effects on MMP/TIMP complexes circulating in blood and thereby influences matrix remodelling. Due to its antibacterial and anti-MMP activity, gallium has recently been reported as a versatile therapeutic agent in the treatment of periodontitis [18]. In this study, a systems biology approach was used to investigate the role of HBPs in periodontal disease and to identify a drug target in the treatment of periodontitis such as MMPs.

The PubMed searches identified 249 genes that were up regulated and 146 genes that were down regulated in periodontal disease, compared with periodontal disease-free gingival samples. The HBPs among these are listed in Table 1. The list of HBPs was used to obtain interactions from STRING that was then imported into Cytoscape to build the heparin-binding putative protein interactome in periodontitis (Fig. 1). This interactome has a high clustering coefficient of 0.479 and a low number of connected components of 1 (‘NetworkAnalyzer’), both of which point to a high connectivity.

Table 1 HBPs differentially regulated in periodontal disease
Fig. 1
figure 1

The heparin-binding putative protein interactome in periodontitis. HBPs or ‘nodes’ are coloured orange and are connected by black lines that denote the interactions or ‘edges’

Our in silico analyses indicate that HBPs play important roles in periodontitis. GO term enrichment analyses using DAVID show that HBPs are pivotal in cytokine activity, chemokine activity, chemokine receptor binding, growth factor activity and endopeptidase activity (Table 1; Additional file 1: Table S1). The up regulation of IL-8 reaffirms the findings of the presence of IL-8 in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis [19]. The cytokine IL-6 increases in expression amongst refractory periodontitis patients [20] and plays a role in bone resorption, since it stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts and inhibits bone formation [21]. Gallium has been shown to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines [22] and, therefore, may have potential beneficial effect on cytokine regulation in periodontitis.

Functional analysis of HBPs in periodontitis

In a functional analysis using DAVID, it was found that HBPs enrich a number of important biological processes such as ‘response to wounding’, ‘chemotaxis’, ‘inflammatory response’ and molecular functions such as cytokine and chemokine activity (Additional file 1: Table S1). All of these clearly underlie periodontitis and highlight the likely importance of HBPs collectively in the disease. HBPs, by virtue of their extracellular location and key functions in cell communication are readily accessible significant therapeutic targets [35]. Therefore, we sought to identify potential drug targets within the putative HBP interactome. For this, ‘Cluster ONE’ was used in Cytoscape, since it identifies HBPs which have an increased cohesiveness as a group, which is in keeping with the notion of using a systems biology approach to developing more holistic (in molecular terms) therapies.

It was reported that, during the development of periodontal disease the Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from bacterial membrane have the capacity to activate host epithelial cells to express and release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1, IL‐8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), prostaglandins and proteases [23]. The synthesis and expression of these mediators occur in a transitory and strictly controlled way under intracellular signalling pathways, which contribute to the intricacies of the inflammatory network established during the disease progression. Major signalling pathways in periodontitis comprise of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and janus tyrosine kinase-signal transducer and activator of the transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways [24]. Of these pathways; MAPK pathway is activated by mitogens, growth factors, stress inducers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that the potential MAPK pathway activating HBPs were both up regulated (ADAMTS1, CXCL12, FN1, HBEGF, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12B, MMP2, MMP9, PLAU, TNF, VFGFA,) and down regulated (CCL2, FGF2, FGFR3, FN1, IL2, IL6, IL8, MMP14 and TNF) indicating the role of HBPs (Table 1) in disease progression and homeostasis. Activation of the NF-κB pathway occurs in the presence of many pro-inflammatory mediators present in large quantities in tissues with periodontal disease such as bacterial LPS, TNF-α, IL-1, MMPs, COX2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [25]. In our analyses HBPs such as TNF and MMPs were both up regulated and down regulated indicating its role in NF-κB pathway. It was reported that the JAK-STAT pathway is the signalling target of many cytokines which are thought to have biologically significant roles in periodontal disease (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1 IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) [26]. In our analyses, HBPs such as IFN-γ was down regulated suggesting that it was not involved in the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. However, TNF-α and IL-6 was both down regulated and up regulated which indicate that the results cannot categorically establish any single target or pathways for the disease progression. It is more likely that complex interplay of different pathways take place during the disease process and pathways might be switched on and off in order to achieve homeostasis.

It was also reported when IL-6 is not present, other cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α induce bone resorption [27]. Both IL-6 and TNF-α were present in the top cluster within the putative HBP interactome in this study (Fig. 2). Further studies about the relationship between periodontal disease development and the cytokine network in the HBP interactome must be performed to establish the exact role of each cytokine in the inflammatory process. Chemokines, such as CXCL12, controls protection against periodontal disease associated bacteria, such as P. gingivalis, in normal gingival tissue and remodelling periodontal tissues to induce the production of VEGF [28]. The presence of both CXCL12 and VEGF in the top cluster within the putative HBP interactome (Fig. 2) thus suggests the important role it may have in periodontal disease homeostasis and indicate as potential drug targets. It is clear from the analyses that the major signalling pathways in periodontitis are common to various inflammatory mediators and hence their blockade may be more effective than targeting specific cytokines. However, while designing drug targets, the fact that these pathways are important in several other physiological processes and therefore their inhibition can also result in undesirable side effects should also be taken into account.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Top cluster within the putative HBP interactome. MMPs are important constituents of the top cluster of HBPs, using the ‘Cluster ONE’ plugin with Cytoscape

The analyses also identified MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 as being constituents within the top cluster of the putative HBP interactome (Fig. 2), a result consistent with the known roles of MMPs in matrix reorganisation and periodontium degradation. However, the membrane bound proteinase, MMP-14, found to be down-regulated in gingival tissues from periodontitis sites. Hence its role in tissue homeostasis during periodontitis still remains ambiguous. While designing targeted drug for periodontitis treatment it is important to take account of the fact that the mRNA expression data was used to predict the HBP interactome in this study. It is known that some genes could display no change in the protein expression even though changes were observed during predicted gene-interaction network. HBPs such as azurocidin which have been indicated to possess an inhibitory role in osteoclast differentiation (and thus a protective role in alveolar bone loss during the early stages of periodontitis [6]) were not identified in our searches.

The network analysis indicates that MMPs are important players in the putative HBP interactome and is an important constituent of the top cluster within the putative HBP interactome (Fig. 2). Fibroblasts secrete collagenase matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) causing periodontium degradation and the most common type of MMPs related to tissue destruction belongs to collagenases family (largely MMP-8 and MMP-13) with major contribution from MMP-9 and MMP-14 [29, 30]. However, in the present study it was found that MMP-14 was down-regulated in gingival tissues from periodontitis sites and therefore suggests that the use of broad spectrum anti-MMP agents should be carefully formulated to target specific HBPs associated with periodontitis. Several therapeutics has been reported to block MMPs function [31]. These includes Hydroxamate-based MMPIs (e.g. Batimastat, Marimastat and Prinomastat), Non-Hydroxamate-based MMPIs (e.g. Rebimastat, Tanomastat and Doxycycline) [31]. However, clinical successes were limited due to severe toxicities and prolonged treatment contributing to inflammation. Furthermore some of this therapeutics possesses cancer promoting activities [e.g. Batimastat promote liver metastasis, 32] and raises the concern whether designing drugs against MMPs will be beneficial. Although it was reported that MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8 and -9 are associated with severity of periodontitis [33], in silico analysis in this study only revealed MMP-2 and -9 as a major target for regulating periodontitis. Therefore, further work on elucidating the role of each MMPs in tissue homeostasis should be addressed prior to devising a new anti-MMP strategy. Recently, developing antibody based therapies to block MMPs has shown that the antibody approach was successful in blocking MMP14 function [31] but contradicted results obtained in this study indicating further analyses is required to establish its potential application in regulating periodontitis. In addition, further work should be considered as a means of activating genes down regulated in the periodontitis, such as MMP14 found in this study that may hinder the pathogenesis and thus can also form a potential drug target.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study attempted to integrate and rationalise available data on HBPs to identify drug targets that may play important roles in periodontitis. In silico analysis demonstrates that HBPs may have a role in periodontal disease and can be used for identifying potential drug targets that include chemokines, CXCL12, and proteases, MMP-2 and -9, for regulating periodontitis. The complex interactions HBPs displayed in the analyses suggest the importance of a multi-targeted approach in periodontitis treatment. From this standpoint, antibacterial and anti-MMP action of materials containing ‘gallium’, which are also reported to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, are promising candidates for its potential application in periodontitis treatment.

Availability of supporting data section

All the supporting data are included as additional files. Online database resources used in this study:

STRING v9.1. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1094.http://string.embl.de/

Cytoscape 2.8. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq675. http://www.cytoscape.org/download_old_versions.html

DAVID bioinformatics resources. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.211. https://david.ncifcrf.gov/content.jsp?file=release.html.

Abbreviations

HBP:

heparin-binding protein

MMP:

matrixmetalloproteinase

TIMP:

tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase

STRING:

Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes

GO:

gene ontology

BP:

biological process

CC:

cellular component

MF:

molecular function

DAVID:

Database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery

IL:

interleukin

References

  1. Steele J, O’Sullivan I. Adult dental health survey 2009—summary report. 2011. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/adultdentalhealthsurvey_2009_firstrelease.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2015.

  2. Garcia RI, Henshaw MM, Krall EA. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. Periodontol. 2000;2001(25):21–36. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.22250103.x.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ori A, Wilkinson MC, Fernig DG. The heparanome and regulation of cell function: structures, functions and challenges. Front Biosci. 2008;13:4309–38. doi:10.2741/3007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ori A, Wilkinson MC, Fernig DG. A systems biology approach for the investigation of the heparin/heparan sulfate interactome. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:19892–904. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.228114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Nunes QM, Mournetas V, Lane B, Sutton R, Fernig DG, Vasieva O. The heparin-binding protein interactome in pancreatic digestive diseases. Pancreatology. 2013;13:598–604. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2013.08.004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Choi YJ, Heo SH, Lee JM, Cho JY. Identification of azurocidin as a potential periodontitis biomarker by a proteomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid. Proteome Sci. 2011;9:42. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-9-42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen Y, Gotte M, Liu J, Park PW. Microbial subversion of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Mol Cells. 2008;26:415–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Murakami Y, Iwahashi H, Yasuda H, Umemoto T, Namikawa I, Kitano S, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbrillin is one of the fibronectin-binding proteins. Infect Immun. 1996;64:2571–6.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Fujimoto N, Mouri N, Iwata K, Ohuchi E, Okada Y, Hayakawa T. A one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay for human matrixmetalloproteinase 2 (72-kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase) using monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chim Acta. 1993;221:91–103. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(93)90024-X.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Eley BM, Manson JD. Periodontics. 5th ed. London: Elsevier Ltd; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mannello F, Jung K, Tonti GA, Canestrari F. Heparin affects matrixmetalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases circulating in peripheral blood. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:1466–73. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.09.104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Franceschini A, Szklarczyk D, Frankild S, Kuhn M, Simonovic M, Roth A, et al. STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:808–15. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Smoot ME, Ono K, Ruscheinski J, Wang PL, Ideker T. Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:431–2. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Assenov Y, Ramirez F, Schelhorn SE, Lengauer T, Albrecht M. Computing topological parameters of biological networks. Bioinformatics. 2008;24:282–4. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bader GD, Hogue CW. An automated method for finding molecular complexes in large protein interaction networks. BMC Bioinform. 2003;4:2. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-4-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. da Huang W, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Prot. 2009;4:44–57. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lallam-Laroye C, Baroukh B, Doucet P, Barritault D, Saffar JL, Colombier ML. ReGeneraTing agents matrix therapy regenerates a functional root attachment in hamsters with periodontitis. Tiss Eng Pt A. 2011;17:2359–67. doi:10.1089/ten.TEA.2010.0696.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sahdev R, Ansari TI, Higham SM, Valappil SP. Potential use of gallium-doped phosphate based glass material for periodontitis treatment. J Biomater Appl. 2015;30:85–92. doi:10.1177/0885328215571952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Payne JB, Reinhardt RA, Masada MP, DuBois LM, Allison AC. Gingival crevicular fluid IL-8: correlation with local IL-1 beta levels and patient estrogen status. J Periodontal Res. 1993;28:451–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Reinhardt RA, Masada MP, Kaldahl WB, DuBois LM, Kornman KS, Choi JI, et al. Gingival fluid IL-1 and IL-6 levels in refractory periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1993;20:225–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hughes FJ, Howells GL. Interleukin-6 inhibits bone formation in vitro. Bone Miner. 1993;21:21–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Panagakos FS, Kumar E, Venescar C, Guidon P. The effect of gallium nitrate on synoviocyte MMP activity. Biochimie. 2000;82:147–51. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(00)00384-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sorsa T, Tjäderhane L, Konttinen YT, Lauhio A, Salo T, Lee HM, et al. Matrixmetalloproteinases: contribution to pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal inflammation. Ann Med. 2006;38:306–21. doi:10.1080/07853890600800103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Souza JA, Rossa C Jr, Garlet GP, Nogueira AV, Cirelli JA. Modulation of host cell signaling pathways as a therapeutic approach in periodontal disease. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012;20:128–38. doi:10.1590/S1678-77572012000200002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Tak PP, Firestein GS. NF-kappaB: a key role in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:7–11. doi:10.1172/JCI11830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Berglundh T, Donati M. Aspects of adaptive host response in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:87–107. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00820.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Azuma MM, Samuel RO, Gomes-Filho JE, Dezan-Junior E, Cintra LT. The role of IL-6 on apical periodontitis: a systematic review. Int Endod J. 2014;47:615–21. doi:10.1111/iej.12196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Ozaki K, Nakae H, Murakami K, Miyake Y, et al. CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression by human gingival fibroblasts in periodontal disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;141:467–74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02852.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Sapna G, Gokul S, Bagri-Manjrekar K. Matrixmetalloproteinases and periodontal diseases. Oral Dis. 2014;20:538–50. doi:10.1111/odi.12159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Leppilahti JM, Hernández-Ríos PA, Gamonal JA, Tervahartiala T, Brignardello-Petersen R, Mantyla P, et al. Matrixmetalloproteinases and myeloperoxidase in gingival crevicular fluid provide site-specific diagnostic value for chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41:348–56. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Is there new hope for therapeutic matrixmetalloproteinase inhibition? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13:904–27. doi:10.1038/nrd4390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Krüger A, Soeltl R, Sopov I, Kopitz C, Arlt M, Magdolen V, et al. Hydroxamate-type matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat promotes liver metastasis. Cancer Res. 2001;61:1272–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Charles K, Honibald EN, Reddy NR, Palani A, Ramamurthy RD, Sankaralingam T. Role of matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPS) in periodontitis and its management. J Ind Acad Dent Spec Res. 2014;1:65–9. doi:10.4103/2229-3019.148262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

BL contributed to design of the study, performed data acquisition for the bioinformatics work, involved in the analysis of data and drafting of the manuscript. QMN carried out data acquisition for the bioinformatics work, involved in the analysis of data and drafting of the manuscript. SMH participated in the interpretation of data and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. DGF participated in the interpretation of data and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. SPV conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination, involved in the interpretation of data, helped to draft the manuscript and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by an induction award from University of Liverpool, UK.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sabeel P. Valappil.

Additional file

13104_2016_1857_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Additional file 1. Supplementary material which encompasses; Top gene ontology (GO) terms (biological process; BP and molecular function; MF) enriched to periodontitis heparin-binding protein (HBP) dataset. The lists of 249 genes that were up regulated and 146 genes that were down regulated in periodontal disease, compared with periodontal disease-free gingival samples are presented with corresponding references.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lackey, B., Nunes, Q.M., Higham, S.M. et al. In silico analyses of heparin binding proteins expression in human periodontal tissues. BMC Res Notes 9, 53 (2016). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13104-016-1857-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13104-016-1857-1

Keywords