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Table 1 Trends and changes of LE and HALE, LE-HALE and (LE-HALE)/LE, and their gender differences in Japan from 1990 through 2013

From: Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of Japan: the fastest graying society in the world

Longevity index

Calendar year

p for trend

1990

1990–1995

1995

1995–2000

2000

2000–2005

2005

2005–2010

2010

2010–2013

2013

LE (years)a,b

 Men

76.04

0.4

76.45

1.1

77.55

1.1

78.66

0.7

79.34

0.7

80.05

p < 0.001

 95% UIsc

(75.98–76.10)

 

(76.14–76.57)

 

(77.53–77.58)

 

(78.60–78.71)

 

(79.31–79.36)

 

(79.26–80.84)

 

 Women

81.96

0.9

82.84

1.5

84.32

1.2

85.48

0.6

86.09

0.3

86.39

p < 0.001

 95% UIs

(81.86–82.05)

 

(82.62–82.94)

 

(84.29–84.35)

 

(85.41–85.54)

 

(86.06–86.11)

 

(85.74–87.12)

 

HALE (years)a,b

 Men

68.09

0.4

68.44

0.6

69.08

0.8

69.89

0.9

70.78

0.3

71.11

p < 0.05

 95% UIs

(65.83–70.11)

 

(66.07–70.58)

 

(66.67–71.24)

 

(67.31–72.12)

 

(68.20–73.06)

 

(68.50–73.57)

 

 Women

72.24

0.7

72.92

1.0

73.95

0.8

74.77

0.6

75.41

0.2

75.56

p < 0.05

 95% UIs

(69.38–74.77)

 

(70.05–75.49)

 

(70.94–76.55)

 

(71.66–77.46)

 

(72.34–78.23)

 

(72.46–78.42)

 

LE–HALE (years)

 Men

8.0

 

8.0

 

8.5

 

8.8

 

8.6

 

8.9

NS

 95% UIs

(5.8–10.1)

 

(5.7–10.3)

 

(6.2–10.8)

 

(6.4–11.2)

 

(6.1–11.0)

 

(6.3–11.6)

 

 Women

9.7

 

9.9

 

10.4

 

10.7

 

10.7

 

10.8

NS

 95% UIs

(7.0–12.4)

 

(7.2–12.6)

 

(7.6–13.2)

 

(7.8–13.6)

 

(7.7–13.6)

 

(7.8–13.9)

 

(LE–HALE)/LE (%)

 Men

10.5

 

10.5

 

10.9

 

11.1

 

10.8

 

11.2

NS

 95% UIs

(7.6–13.3)

 

(7.5–13.4)

 

(8.0–13.9)

 

(8.1–14.2)

 

(7.7–13.9)

 

(7.9–14.5)

 

 Women

11.9

 

12.0

 

12.3

 

12.5

 

12.4

 

12.5

NS

 95% UIs

(8.6–15.2)

 

(8.7–15.3)

 

(9.0–15.6)

 

(9.1–15.9)

 

(9.0–15.8)

 

(9.0–16.1)

 

LE (years)

 Women–men

5.9

 

6.4

 

6.8

 

6.8

 

6.8

 

6.3

p < 0.001

 95% UIs

(5.8–6.0)

 

(6.1–6.7)

 

(6.7–6.8)

 

(6.7–6.9)

 

(6.7–6.8)

 

(5.3–7.4)

 

HALE (years)

 Women–men

4.2

 

4.5

 

4.9

 

4.9

 

4.6

 

4.5

NS

 95% UIs

(0.7–7.6)

 

(1.0–8.0)

 

(1.3–8.5)

 

(1.1–8.7)

 

(0.8–8.5)

 

(0.5–8.4)

 
  1. aHealthy life expectancy from GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet, Published online August 27, 2015, http://0-www-dx-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-x
  2. bPersonal communication for the Japanese LE and HALE data of 1995, 2000 and 2010 from Ms. Michelle L. Subart at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (on July 15, 2016)
  3. cUncertainty intervals