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Table 1 Summary of DG gene structures from species representative of all the animal groups in which a DG gene was identified

From: An evaluation of the evolution of the gene structure of dystroglycan

Metazoan main taxa Species

Exon1 (preATG exon) (bp)

Intron1 (preATG intron) (bp)

Exon2 (ATG exon) (bp)

Intron2 (IG1-intron) (bp)

Exon3 (stop codon & 3′UTR) (bp)

Gene accession code

Code name

Notes

Chordata (mammals)

 H. sapiens

302

39,985

401

19,977

4819

ENSG00000173402

>Hs

 

 M. musculus

139

45,369

398

8351

3707

ENSMUSG00000039952

>Mm

 

 C.l.familiaris

375d

48,846

383

16,520

4968

ENSCAFG00000011207

>Clf

1 add. preATG exon–intr.

 O. anatinus

161

58,270

398

30,785

5789

ENSOANG00000013307

>Oa

 

 D. novemcinctus

203

62,147

400

22,513

2403a

ENSDNOG00000016917

>Dn

 

Chordata (aves)

 G. gallus

h

h

317

8464

2409

ENSGALG00000027710

>Gg

 

 F. albicollis

175

34,691

410

12,789

2740

ENSFALG00000009006

>Fa

 

Chordata (reptiles)

 A. carolinensis

392

56,285

403

26,079

7196

ENSACAG00000007264

>Ac

 

 P. sinensis

h

h

380

25,784

6793

ENSPSIG00000016851

>Ps

 

Chordata (amphibia)

 X. tropicalis

125

19,428

354

8686

2917

ENSXETG00000005928

>Xt

 

Chordata (teleostei)

 D. rerio

169

39,769

528

14,466

2899

ENSDARG00000016153

>Dr

 

 G. morhua

h

h

345

1126

2310a

ENSGMOG00000017787

>Gm1

 

 X. maculatus

595

8826

566

2800

3850

ENSXMAG00000015708

>Xm1

 

 T. rubripes

h

h

366

818

2307a

ENSTRUG00000007345

>Tr1

 

Chordata (chondrichthyes)

 C. milii

h

h

276b

11,246

2373a

KI635869.1 (Elephant Shark Genome Project@IMCB)

>Cmi

 

Chordata (cyclostomata)

 P. marinus

172

24,308

399

1218

2218a

ENSPMAG00000000367

>Pm1

 

Urochordata

 C. intestinalis

h

h

348

6249

3703

gene 293,437 (Metazome)

>Ci

4 add. 3′ introns

Cephalochordata

 B. floridae

h

h

708b

10,023

1653a

fgenesh2_pg.scaffold_27000085 (Metazome)

>Bf

2 add. large 5′ introns

Hemichordata

 S. kowalevskii

161

5069

309

7194

5506

Sakowv30014893 m.g (Metazome)

>Sk

 

Echinodermata

 S. purpuratus

h

h

300

8426

2373a

LOC581503 (Metazome)

>Spu

 

Arthropoda (insecta)

 D. melanogaster

437

8235

322

284e

5774

FBgn0034072 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Dm

12 add. 3′ introns

 T. castaneum

h

h

192b

46

3153a

LOC663372 (Metazome)

>Tc

4 add. 3′ introns

Arthropoda (crustacea)

 D. pulex

h

h

723

341

2956

DAPPUDRAFT 300,674 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Dpu

3 add. 3′ introns

Arthropoda (chelicerata)

 I. scapularis

h

h

111b

7852

2397a (2796)a,f

ISCW015049 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Is

2 add. 3′ intronsg

Mollusca (cephalopoda)

 O. bimaculoides

561

14,288

1383

8418

2310a

Ocbimv22032669 m.g (Metazome)

>Ob

 

Mollusca (bivalvia)

 C. gigas

h

h

231

3133

2286a

CGI_10020032 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Cg

 

Mollusca (gastropoda)

 L. gigantea

h

h

137c

3043

2185a

LgGsHFWreduced.7288 (Metazome)

>Lg

 

Annelida (sedentaria)

 C. teleta

h

h

210

48

3408

CapteG183589 (Ensembl/Metazoa)

>Ct

 

Annelida (clitellata)

 H. robusta

h

h

186

276

2602

HelroG188507 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Hr

 

Nematode (chromadorea)

 C. elegans

89

5376

229

328

2236

WBGene00000961 (Metazome)

>Ce

3 add. 3′ introns

Nematode (secernentea)

 C. remanei

h

h

216

319

1653

CRE07443 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Cr

3 add. 3′ introns

Cnidaria (hydrozoa)

 H. magnipapillata

h

h

210b

1751

2189

Hydra_232607 (Metazome)

>Hm

1 add. 3′ S6 intron

Cnidaria (anthozoa)

 N. vectensis

h

h

162b

2567

5553a

estExt_fgenesh1_pg.C_1310045 (JGI)

>Nv

1 add. 3′ S6 intron

Placozoa

 T. adhaerens

h

h

114b

320

2559a

TriadG60041 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Ta

1 add. 5′ and 1 add. 3′introns

Porifera (demospongiae)

 A.queenslandica

h

h

170b

47

4254a

Aqu1.217766 (EnsemblMetazoa)

>Aq

 
  1. For species in which additional introns are present, either upstream (5′) or downstream (3′) of the IG1-intron (intron2), these introns are reported in the Notes column. In these species, the value reported for E1 and/or E3 refers to the combined size originating from all the resulting exons
  2. aThe genome-annotated sequence ends at the stop codon
  3. bAdditional nucleotides 5′ to the initial ATG codon may be missing
  4. cThe annotated gene sequence starts slightly downstream of the ATG codon
  5. dAn additional pre-ATG exon is reported > 100 Kb upstream
  6. eDue to divergence, D. melanogaster DG lacks an IG1 domain however the IG1-intron is located in a similar 5′ position to other species that contain the IG1 domain
  7. fA recent study has demonstrated that a gene region that was previously considered to code for an intronic sequence is an exon, giving rise to a predicted protein product of 968 aa instead of 835 aa [25]
  8. gThe first additional intron is also present within the IG1 domain
  9. hNot present or not annotated. See Fig. 1 for schematic details