Table 1 Techniques used to measure quantity of Leptospira in urine

–

All Leptospira species

Darkfield microscopy

Semiquantitative

Nally et al. [45]; Monahan et al. [46]

Non identified

Pathogenic clade

Conventional PCR

Semiquantitative

Gerritsen et al. [47, 48]

–

Pathogenic clade

Slot blot -Scanning laser densitometry

Semiquantitative

Zuerner et al. [49]

16S rrna

Pathogenic clade

Intermediate clade

TaqMan PCR

10 cells/mL of urine

Smyth et al. [50, 51]

lipl32

Pathogenic clade

TaqMan PCR

10¹ to 10² cells/mL of urine

Sttodard et al. [52]

lipl32

Pathogenic clade

TaqMan PCR

3GEq/4.5 μL of extracted DNA

Rojas et al. [32]

lipl32

Pathogenic clade

TaqMan PCR

6 Geq/5 μL of extracted DNA

Villumsen et al. [53]

gyrB

Pathogenic clade

SYTO9 PCR

10³ cells/mL

Subharat et al. [54]