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Table 1 Patient characteristics of 40 cases (infants with bronchiolitis) and 115 controls (healthy infants) at enrollment

From: Sphingolipid metabolism potential in fecal microbiome and bronchiolitis in infants: a case–control study

Characteristics

Infants with bronchiolitis n = 40

Healthy control infants n = 115

P value* 

Demographics

 Age (mo), median (IQR)

3.2 (1.6–4.9)

3.8 (2.0–4.9)

0.52

 Male sex

22 (55)

64 (56)

0.99

  Race/ethnicity

  

0.04

  Non-hispanic white

23 (58)

61 (53)

 

  Non-hispanic black

6 (15)

11 (10)

 

  Hispanic

10 (25)

19 (17)

 

  Other

1 (3)

24 (21)

 

Prenatal history

 Parental history of asthma

16 (40)

21 (18)

0.01

 Maternal smoking during pregnancy

8 (20)

3 (3)

0.001

 Maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy

11 (28)

13 (11)

0.02

 Maternal antibiotic use during labor

12 (30)

35 (30)

0.82

Past medical history and home environmental characteristics

 Mode of birth, C-section

9 (23)

43 (37)

0.13

 Prematurity (32–37 weeks)

12 (30)

11 (10)

0.004

 Previous breathing problems before enrollment†

8 (20)

0 (0)

<0.001

 History of eczema

8 (20)

17 (15)

0.56

 Ever attended daycare

9 (23)

14 (12)

0.16

 Smoking exposure at home

8 (20)

4 (3)

0.002

 Mostly breastfed for the first 3 months of age

16 (40)

89 (77)

0.009

 Systemic antibiotic use before enrollmentb

8 (20)

13 (11)

0.24

 Systemic corticosteroid use before enrollment

9 (23)

0 (0)

<0.001

Clinical course

 Systemic antibiotic use during pre-hospitalization visit

8 (20)

 Systemic corticosteroid use during pre-hospitalization visit

3 (8)

 Hospital length-of-stay (day), median (IQR)

3 (2–4)

 Admission to intensive care unit

8 (20)

 Use of mechanical ventilationa

5 (13)

  1. Data are no. (%) of infants unless otherwise indicated. Percentages may not equal 100 because of missingness or rounding
  2. IQR interquartile range
  3. * Chi square, Fisher exact, or Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney tests, as appropriate
  4. aDefined as an infant having cough that wakes him/her at night and/or causes emesis, or when the child has wheezing or shortness of breath without cough
  5. bLifetime use of systemic antibiotic use before the enrollment. Infants with systemic antibiotic treatment in the preceding 7 days were not enrolled to the control group