Characteristics | Infants with bronchiolitis n = 40 | Healthy control infants n = 115 | P value* |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (mo), median (IQR) | 3.2 (1.6–4.9) | 3.8 (2.0–4.9) | 0.52 |
Male sex | 22 (55) | 64 (56) | 0.99 |
Race/ethnicity | 0.04 | ||
Non-hispanic white | 23 (58) | 61 (53) | |
Non-hispanic black | 6 (15) | 11 (10) | |
Hispanic | 10 (25) | 19 (17) | |
Other | 1 (3) | 24 (21) | |
Prenatal history | |||
Parental history of asthma | 16 (40) | 21 (18) | 0.01 |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 8 (20) | 3 (3) | 0.001 |
Maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy | 11 (28) | 13 (11) | 0.02 |
Maternal antibiotic use during labor | 12 (30) | 35 (30) | 0.82 |
Past medical history and home environmental characteristics | |||
Mode of birth, C-section | 9 (23) | 43 (37) | 0.13 |
Prematurity (32–37 weeks) | 12 (30) | 11 (10) | 0.004 |
Previous breathing problems before enrollment† | 8 (20) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
History of eczema | 8 (20) | 17 (15) | 0.56 |
Ever attended daycare | 9 (23) | 14 (12) | 0.16 |
Smoking exposure at home | 8 (20) | 4 (3) | 0.002 |
Mostly breastfed for the first 3 months of age | 16 (40) | 89 (77) | 0.009 |
Systemic antibiotic use before enrollmentb | 8 (20) | 13 (11) | 0.24 |
Systemic corticosteroid use before enrollment | 9 (23) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
Clinical course | |||
Systemic antibiotic use during pre-hospitalization visit | 8 (20) | – | – |
Systemic corticosteroid use during pre-hospitalization visit | 3 (8) | – | – |
Hospital length-of-stay (day), median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | – | – |
Admission to intensive care unit | 8 (20) | – | – |
Use of mechanical ventilationa | 5 (13) | – | – |