Application of random survival forests in understanding the determinants of under-five child mortality in Uganda in the presence of covariates that satisfy the proportional and non-proportional hazards assumption

Table 2 Testing the proportional hazard assumption using scaled Schoenfeld residuals

Covariates	χ² (df)	p-value
Mother’s education
Illiterate	1
Primary	4.83	0.03
Secondary and higher	7.52	<0.01
GLOBAL	11.25	\({<0.01}\)
Father’s education
Illiterate	1
Primary	0.51	0.48
Secondary and higher	0.86	0.35
GLOBAL	1.12	0.57
Sex of the child
Male	1
Female	1.99	0.16
Total number of children ever born
1 child	1
2 child	5.39	0.02
3 child	0.44	0.51
4+ child	0.26	0.61
GLOBAL	14.61	\({<}0.01\)
Type of place of residence
Rural	1
Urban	8.43	\({<}0.01\)
Wealth index
Poorest	1
Poorer	0.17	0.7
Middle	0.00	0.98
Richer	6.94	\({<}0.01\)
Richest	2.26	0.13
GLOBAL	9.29	0.05
Birth order
1st	1
2nd	0.28	0.59
3rd	6.69	\({<}0.01\)
4th+	2.64	0.10
GLOBAL	8.46	0.04
Age at first birth
<20	1
20–29	0.10	0.75
30+	0.41	0.52
GLOBAL	0.54	0.76
Previous birth interval (years)	1
<2	Ref
2	1.83	0.18
3	0.97	0.32
4+	2.53	0.11
GLOBAL	8.69	0.03
Number of births in the past 1 year
No birth	1
1 birth	0.7	0.40
2	1.24	0.27
GLOBAL	1.81	0.40
Number of births in the last 5 years
1 births	1
2 births	0.11	0.75
3 births	0.03	0.86
4+	5.00	0.03
GLOBAL	5.85	0.12
Mother’s age (years)
<20	1
20–29	0.16	0.69
30–39	0.63	0.43
40+	0.08	0.78
GLOBAL	5.58	0.13
Sex of household head
Male	1
Female	0.07	0.79
Source of drinking water
Piped water	1
Borehole	0.17	0.68
Well water	0.12	0.73
Surface/pond/lake/rain/etc	2.58	0.11
Others	1.82	0.18
GLOBAL	6.55	0.16
Mother’s occupation
Not working	1
Sales and Services	0.202	0.65
Agriculture	6.88	\({<}0.01\)
GLOBAL	14.41	\({<}0.01\)
Type of birth
Single birth	1
Multiple births	13	\({<}0.01\)
Religion
Catholic	1
Muslim	0.009	0.92
Other Christians	0.73	0.39
Others	1.59	0.21
GLOBAL	2.21	0.53

ISSN: 1756-0500