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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of determinants of improved and unimproved sanitation facilities used by households

From: Determinants of access to improved sanitation facilities in rural districts of southern Ghana: evidence from Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site

Characteristics of household head

Unimproved n (%)

Improved n (%)

P value

Age group

 < 30

958 (89.70)

110 (10.30)

< 0.001

 30–34

1473 (89.60)

171 (10.40)

 35–39

1795 (87.73)

251 (12.27)

 40–44

1779 (86.44)

279 (13.56)

 45–49

1562 (83.93)

299 (16.07)

 50–54

1514 (83.83)

292 (16.17)

 55–59

1172 (81.05)

274 (18.95)

 60–64

1057 (83.96)

202 (16.04)

 65–69

725 (81.55)

164 (18.45)

 70+

2018 (88.66)

258 (11.34)

Sex

 Female

5883 (90.98)

583 (9.02)

< 0.001

 Male

8170 (82.63)

1717 (17.37)

Ethnicity

 Ga-Dangme

10,741 (89.11)

1313 (10.89)

< 0.001

 Akan

643 (63.85)

364 (36.15)

 Ewe

2029 (80.80)

482 (19.20)

 Northern

5,58 (82.80)

117 (17.33)

 Others

82 (77.36)

24 (22.64)

Marital status

 Single

1524 (86.00)

248 (14.00)

< 0.001

 Divorced/separated

1151 (88.67)

147 (11.33)

 Married

4963 (81.27)

1144 (18.73)

 Cohabiting

4726 (89.05)

581 (10.95)

 Widowed

1689 (90.37)

581 (9.63)

Level of education

 No education

5216 (94.12)

326 (5.88)

< 0.001

 Primary

2019 (92.23)

170 (7.77)

 Junior high/middle school

5032 (85.49)

854 (14.51)

 Senior high school and above

1786 (65.28)

950 (34.72)

Occupation

 Unemployment

925 (88.86)

116 (11.14)

< 0.001

 Farmer

6022 (90.18)

656 (9.82)

 Artisan

2449 (83.96)

468 (16.04)

 Trader

2697 (90.29)

290 (9.71)

 Civil servant

612 (60.77)

395 (39.23)

 Fisherman

662 (83.06)

135 (16.94)

 Others

686 (74.08)

240 (25.92)

Household size

 Less than six

10,377 (86.14)

1670 (13.86)

0.213

 More than five

3676 (85.37)

630 (14.63)

Socioeconomic status

 Poorest

705 (99.44)

4 (0.56)

< 0.001

 Poorer

2017 (97.25)

57 (2.75)

 Poor

3325 (94.11)

208 (5.89)

 Less poor

4334 (92.94)

329 (7.06)

 Least poor

3672 (68.33)

1702 (31.67)