Skip to main content
  • Research note
  • Open access
  • Published:

Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from ice cube production sites

Abstract

Objective

The prevalence of Escherichia coli including from ice cubes in Indonesia is quite high. Unfortunately, little is known about the genetic diversity of E. coli from ice cube production site. Genotypic variation in E. coli populations is a major barrier to control public health risk associated with foodborne pathogen. The aims of this study were to analyze the genotypic diversity of E. coli strains isolated from various samples in order to determine the genetic relationship between those strains. This study is also important to understand the occurrence, prevalence and profile picture of different pathogenic E. coli in various sources which potentially cause disease.

Results

Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) dendrogram showed high genetic diversity of 120 E. coli isolates in majority of sampling sites. DNA fingerprint patterns showed 26 and 21 clusters with 11 and 3 fingerprints individual lineages for ERIC and REP-PCR respectively. There was no correlation observed between phylogenetic relationship and virulence genes. The result indicated a variation of E. coli isolates in ice cube manufacturers. ERIC-PCR method is more discriminative compared with REP-PCR to analyze the genetic diversity of E. coli from ice cubes production sites.

Introduction

It was reported by WHO in 2015 that diarrhoeal diseases are responsible for more than half of the global burden of foodborne diseases, causing 550 million people to fall ill and 230,000 deaths every year. Diarrhoea is often caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, eggs, fresh produce, dairy products as well as drinking water contaminated by norovirus, Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) [1].

Iced beverage are commonly consumed in Indonesia mostly produced by industries or homemade, nonetheless it may not always prepared properly. Several previous studies have revealed the presence of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in the ice and iced beverages, such as Salmonella as Salmonella spp, E. coli especially pathogenic E. coli and Vibrio cholerae [2,3,4]. These conditions indicate the potency of microbiological hazard in iced beverages production. The microbiological hazard may come from the ingredients of iced beverages or from the processing environment.

Currently in Indonesia, little is known about the prevalence of different pathogenic E. coli in various sources including from ice cubes. Therefore, it is essential to generate a prior knowledge about the prevalence of pathogens especially E. coli in different source. Understanding their occurrence also the genetic diversity analysis in various potential host sources of contamination would help us to assess the health risk posed by such strains of E. coli and epidemiological surveillance of bacterial infections [5]. High genetic diversity among E. coli populations potentially influence the accuracy of the results, thus, more information is necessary on the genetic diversity of E. coli populations in a host source of interest.

Regarding the method of typing microbial pathogens or identifying bacteria at the strain level, ERIC and REP-PCR typing had the ability to separate Lactobacillus strains in based upon the profiles generated [6, 7]. Our results also indicated that the method is applicable to high throughput analysis. High genetic diversity also presented by ERIC-PCR results for E. coli in dairies products [8]. Both the ERIC and REP-PCR were shown high discriminatory index in Salmonella enteritidis research by Fardsanei et al. [9]. Thus, we use those methods in this research.

The aims of this study were to analyze the genotypic diversity of E. coli strains isolated from various samples using REP and ERIC-PCR in order to determine the genetic relationship between those strains. This study is also important to understand the occurrence and prevalence of different pathogenic E. coli in various sources. The data could be used to determine E. coli profile picture which potentially cause disease in Indonesia.

Main text

Methods

Materials used in this research was bacterial genomic DNA of positive E. coli isolates collected from ice cube manufacturers in previous study [10]. Ice cube manufacturers were located in city A, city B and city C from all big cities in Indonesia as representative. One hundred and twenty-one samples consists of 63 samples from city A, 50 samples from city B and 8 samples from city C. Study sites were collected from several area in Indonesia. Six sampling points at ice cube manufacturers were taken from water as raw material for ice, water filtration results, rinse water from hands of workers, rinse water from container where ice is released from the mold, rinse water from hook tool and ice cubes as final products.

Escherichia coli was cultured in E. coli Broth (Oxoid) and EMB Agar (Oxoid) was used as selective media. Incubation temperature for E. coli is 37 °C for 24 h. Positive E. coli colonies were picked randomly 4 for each plate. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from all E. coli isolates. A loopful of bacteria colonies in 500 μL sterile water were prepared for each sample. DNA was extracted using Wizard genomic DNA purification kit (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Before it was used, the DNA samples were quantified using BioDrop-DUO (Isogen Life Science). DNA were stored at − 20 °C until used.

Genotyping was performed using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR fingerprinting assay. The PCR amplifications were performed in a volume 25 μL of reaction mixtures contained 12.5 μL Go Taq (Promega); 1.25 μL of 10 ρmol ERIC1R (5′-ATGTAAGCT CCTGGGGAT-3′) and ERIC2 (5′-AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGGTGAGC-3′) [11]; 1.5 μL of DNA template; 8.5 μL of PCR grade water for ERIC-PCR and 12.5 μL of Go Taq (Promega, USA); 1.5 μL of 10 ρmol REP 1R (5′-III ICGICGICA TCIGGC-3′) and REP 2I (5′-ICGICTTATCIGGCCTAC-3′) [12]; 2 μL of DNA template; and 7.5 μL of PCR grade water for REP-PCR. The ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR thermal cycler (Biometra Tpersonal) program for this method followed Adiguzel et al. [11], since the other journals that has been tried does not give better band appearance. Amplified PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 1.0% (w/v) agarose (1st base) at 60 V for 3 h. The molecular size of fragments generated by electrophoresis were determined by comparison to 1-kb DNA ladders (Gene aid).

To study the relatedness of bacterial strains, banding patterns generated by ERIC and REP-PCR was scored using binary scoring system that recorded the presence and absence of bands as 1 and 0, respectively. To produce dendrogram, a binary matrix was analyzed using dice similarity coefficient and unweighted pair group method for arithmetic averages (UPGMA) [7, 13]. These analysis were carried out using Free Tree software. UPGMA dendrogram was drawn using Treeview [14,15,16].

Results

A total of 121 E. coli isolates from ice cube manufacturers were analyzed in this study. The genomic DNA concentration isolated from these samples were ranged between 50 and 1500 ng/µL with A260/A80 ratio between 1.9 and 2.0. DNA samples concentration tested were standardized to 100 ng/µL. The sizes of ERIC-PCR products ranged from about 150 to about 4000 bp while the sizes of REP-PCR products ranged from about 170 to about 4000 bp (Fig. 1). DNA fingerprint of ERIC-PCR in this study obtained 7–14 bands, where REP-PCR profiles resulted 5–10 bands.

Fig. 1
figure 1

DNA fingerprinting of several isolates E. coli generated by ERIC-PCR (a) and REP-PCR (b) amplification. M marker 1 kb ladder (gene aid)

ERIC and REP-PCR typing of 120 E. coli isolates tested at 50% similarity cut off value [17] were genetically diverse and consisted of heterogeneous population, all generated DNA patterns are relatively complex. Isolates in ERIC dendrogram were grouped into 26 clusters each containing at least two isolates (Fig. 2), whereas 11 fingerprints (9%) had individual lineages. Dendrogram for REP-PCR showed 21 clusters each of them containing at least two isolates with three fingerprints (2%) had individual lineages (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Dendrogram of E. coli isolates from ice cube manufacturers, derived from analysis ERIC-PCR profiles at 50% similarity level. Codes of isolates are directly opposite the source of isolation

Fig. 3
figure 3

Dendrogram of E. coli isolates from ice cube manufacturers, derived from analysis REP-PCR profiles at 50% similarity level. Codes of isolates are directly opposite the source of isolation

Based on the source of E. coli isolates in ice cube manufacturers, isolates derived from one source of sampling sites in the ice cube manufacturer were not found to be in a group. High genetic diversity of E. coli were found in majority of sampling sites, such as E. coli isolates from ice cubes were found in many clusters i.e. 1, 8, 9, 15, 20 and 22. Then E. coli isolates from water rinse of worker’s hands were found in clusters 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 24 and 26. E. coli isolates derived from water for ice raw material occurred in clusters 3, 7, 15 and 16. Next, isolates of E. coli from water filtration result were found in clusters 2, 5, 9, 14, and 19.

As is the result of the ERIC dendrogram, E. coli isolates on REP dendrogram also showed the same thing. E. coli isolates derived from the ice cubes as final product were found in clusters 6, 7, 14 and 19. Then isolates of E. coli from hands of worker were found in clusters 8, 14, 16, 17, 21. E. coli isolates derived from water for ice raw material were in clusters 5, 11, 13, 16 and 18. Isolates of E. coli from water filtration result were found in cluster 3, 4, 5, 17.

For site-based sample analysis, samples from city C were seen grouped in ERIC dendrogram on clusters 8, 15 and 20 and clusters 6 and 19 on the REP dendrogram. Cluster with a large number of isolates, as in ERIC dendrogram cluster 14 and REP dendrogram cluster 16, sample members can derived from samples of two cities, so it can be said that isolates are not clustered based on isolates origin cities.

From the previous study by Nikastrie, 2016, of the samples on major virulence genes associated with diarrheagenic E. coli (eae, stx, elt), 30 samples were positively detected positive virulence genes (5 samples positives eae, 4 samples positive stx and 21 samples positive elt). Dendrogram showed that the distribution of the genes were spread among clusters.

Discussion

In this study, genetic variability of E. coli in populations from diverse habitat was analyzed using ERIC and REP-PCR fingerprinting since it has previously been shown to have a good discriminatory power as mentioned above. ERIC and REP-PCR DNA fingerprint analysis revealed extensive genetic diversity among E. coli strains even from the same sampling sites.

Equally found by Louws et al. [18], the total number of bands obtained by REP-PCR in this study were lower compared to ERIC PCR. This may rationalize how clusters generated with REP-PCR revealed less clusters than ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. Research done by Mohapatra et al. in [19, 20] showed that repetitive PCR method resulting more bands will create a larger number of cluster. Therefore we found that ERIC-PCR produce more discriminative fingerprint patterns than REP-PCR. When it comes to distinguishing between human and non-human isolates, Lipman et al. [21] observed that REP-PCR was less reliable than ERIC-PCR, whereas Leung et al. [22] found that ERIC-PCR was not an effective tool.

The presence of virulence genes in ice cube manufacturers is alarming, since there is possibility to be transferred to ice cubes. A lot of research has been done to determine E. coli contamination and their prevalence in water source [23,24,25,26] and drinking water [27,28,29]. Some studies on ice cube also indicated E. coli and pathogen contamination [30, 31]. Firlieyanti [2] showed that 45% ice cube samples in Bogor were fecal coliform positive and 10% sample were E. coli positive.

While this study presents that the most common virulence genes were elt, other study conducted in Canada reported that eae gene was the most frequently identified gene compared to the others in fecal material of various animal hosts [32]. High percentage of estII gene linked with intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC) was found in sewage treatment plants and environmental waters in Queensland, Australia [33] whereas the most frequently detected of E. coli virulence genes in marine sediments in Rome, Italy were traT (involved in sepsis), fyuA and ibeA (involved in meningitis) [34]. This could be some fact that the abundance of virulence gene-carrying E. coli strains were differ depend on which environment or source or in other words pathogens that could be expected to occur in contaminated waters are dependent on the host source reservoir from which they are derived.

Water and low environmental temperatures as a source of contamination for E. coli has been noted by other study. In 1985, Dickens et al. [35] has revealed that Enteropathogenic bacteria including E. coli can survive when frozen in ice. Similarly, Falcão et al. [31] suggest that ice could be vehicle for enteric and other pathogens, while Kim et al. [36] showed clearer result that melting ice contaminated by E. coli could survive and transferred lettuce surfaces via melted ice. Dual regulation system which assist and maintain growth in water were suggested by Seurinck et al. [37] and the properties of peritrichous pili-flagella that aid movement in liquid environments that may enhance adaptation and survival [38]. The survival of E. coli follows an inverse relation with temperature. E. coli have a program in which low temperature causes a slowing down of the metabolism then cause a delay in cellular damage [39].

Virulence genes (eae, stx, elt) detected from isolates in this study were spread among the clusters in dendrogram. So, there was no correlation observed between phylogenetic relationship and virulence genes, whereas the isolates were not grouped according to the virulence factor pattern. With a lot of types virulence genes known in pathogenic E. coli, it is high possibility that other genes also occur in ice cube manufacturers. Here, we only focused on eae, stx and elt genes because they represent enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) respectively, which are included to be major causes of severe of diarrhea if it not treated properly [40].

As stated by Radu et al. [41], observing genetic diversity among the E. coli isolated by means of molecular typing techniques will contribute to the investigation of potential epidemiological problems caused by this pathogen, so that critical points can be identified and appropriate measures implemented to guarantee product safety.

In summary, we found that our samples indicated a variation in the occurrence of E. coli isolates in ice cube manufacturers, suggesting that they exhibit diverse population structures. ERIC-PCR method is more discriminative compared with REP-PCR to analyze the genetic diversity of E. coli from ice cubes production sites. This result can be used as a recommendation to the government as there is need for regular monitoring and counseling is required for producers, distributors and consumers of ice cubes.

Limitations

Contamination of E. coli below limit detection cannot be detected in this research, though it may have contaminated the iced.

Abbreviations

ERIC:

enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus

REP-PCR:

repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction

References

  1. WHO. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007–2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Firlieyanti AS. Evaluation of sanitation indicator bacteria through out the chain of distribution of ice cubes in Bogor. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indones. 2006;11(2):28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Waturangi DE, Pradita N, Linarta J, Banerjee S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae from ice and beverages sold in Jakarta, Indonesia, using most probable number and multiplex PCR. J Food Prot. 2012;75(4):651–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Waturangi DE, Wiratama E, Sabatini A. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from ice and beverages sold in Jakarta, Indonesia, using most probable number and multiplex PCR. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16:e148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wolska K, Szweda P. Genotyping techniques for determining the diversity of microorganisms. In: Caliskan M, editor. Genetic diversity in microorganisms. Rijeka: InTech; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Berthier F, Beuvier E, Dasen A, Grappin R. Origin and diversity of mesophilic lactobacilli in Comté cheese, as revealed by PCR with repetitive and species-specific primers. Int Dairy J. 2001;11(4):293–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Stephenson DP, Moore RJ, Allison GE. Comparison and utilization of repetitive-element PCR techniques for typing Lactobacillus isolates from the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(21):6764–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Oltramari K, Cardoso RF, Patussi EV, Santos ACB, Mikcha JMG. Genetic heterogeneity of Escherichia coli isolated from pasteurized milk in State of Paraná, Brazil. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2014;50(2):337–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Fardsanei F, Nikkhahi F, Bakhshi B, Salehi TZ, Tamai IA, Dallal MS. Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates from food and human samples by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiling, (GTG) 5-PCR and ERIC-PCR. New Microbes New Infect. 2016;14:24–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nikastri E. Qualitative detection of E. coli pathogen by multiplex PCR in ice production site. Jakarta: National Agency of Drug and Food Control; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Adiguzel G, Gulluce M, Bozoglu C, Yanmis D, Gormez A, Atasever M, Adiguzel A. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from retail beef in Erzurum, Turkey. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2012;6(3):1033–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Foley SL, Lynne AM, Nayak R. Molecular typing methodologies for microbial source tracking and epidemiological investigations of Gram-negative bacterial foodborne pathogens. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9(4):430–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wan L, Wang Z-B, Yan Q, Wang X, Lei Y, Zuo L, Cheng Y, Ren Y-P, Guo W. Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from commercial swine farms revealed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and repetitive extragenic palindrome PCR (REP-PCR). Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(51):10543–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Page R. TREE VIEW: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci. 1996;12:357–8. http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/rod.html.

  15. Pavlicek A, Hrda S, Flegr J. Free Tree-freeware program for construction of phylogenetic trees on the basis of distance data and bootstrap/jackknife analysis of the tree robustness. Application in the RAPD analysis of genus Frenkelia. Folia Biol (Praha). 1999;45:97–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Saxena S, Verma J, Modi DR. RAPD-PCR and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis of alkaline protease producing bacteria isolated from soil of India: identification and detection of genetic variability. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2014;12(1):27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Adwan G, Abu Hasan N, Sabra I, Sabra D, Al-butmah S, Odeh S, Abd Albake Z, Badran H. Detection of bacterial pathogens in surgical site infections and their antibiotic sensitivity profile. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2016;5(5):75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Louws FJ, Fulbright DW, Stephens CT, De Bruijn FJ. Differentiation of genomic structure by rep-PCR finger-printing to rapidly classify Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Phytopathology. 1995;85(5):528–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohapatra BR, Broersma K, Mazumder A. Comparison of five rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting methods for differentiation of fecal Escherichia coli from humans, poultry and wild birds. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007;277(1):98–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mohapatra B, Mazumder A. Comparative efficacy of five different rep-PCR methods to discriminate Escherichia coli populations in aquatic environments. Water Sci Technol. 2008;58(3):537–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lipman LJ, de Nijs A, Lam TJ, Gaastra W. Identification of Escherichia coli strains from cows with clinical mastitis by serotyping and DNA polymorphism patterns with REP and ERIC primers. Vet Microbiol. 1995;43(1):13–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Leung KT, Mackereth R, Tien Y-C, Topp E. A comparison of AFLP and ERIC-PCR analyses for discriminating Escherichia coli from cattle, pig and human sources. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2004;47(1):111–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Adzitey F, Sumaila N, Saba CKS. Isolation of E. coli from drinking water sources for humans and farm animals in Nyankpala Community of Ghana. Res J Microbiol. 2015;10(3):126–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Saxena T, Kaushik P, Mohan MK. Prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 in water sources: an overview on associated diseases, outbreaks and detection methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;82(3):249–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Thani TS, Symekher SML, Boga H, Oundo J. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia colipathotypes and factors associated with well and boreholes water contamination in Mombasa County. Pan Afr Med J. 2016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.11604/pamj.2016.23.12.7755.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ranjbar R, Pezeshknejad P, Khamesipour F, Amini K, Kheiri R. Genomic fingerprints of Escherichia coli strains isolated from surface water in Alborz province, Iran. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):295.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown J, Proum S, Sobsey M. Escherichia coli in household drinking water and diarrheal disease risk: evidence from Cambodia. Water Sci Technol. 2008;58(4):757–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ahmad M, Hashmi R, Anjum A, Hanif A, Ratyal R. Drinking water quality by the use of Congo red medium to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli at poultry farms. J Anim Plant Sci. 2009;19(2):108–10.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ibrahimagic A, Basic N, Idrizovic E. Prevalence of Escherichia Coli in drinking water collected from the local and municipal water supply in Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. SM J Public Health Epidemiol. 2015;1(4):1017.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Falcão J, Dias A, Correa E, Falcão D. Microbiological quality of ice used to refrigerate foods. Food Microbiol. 2002;19(4):269–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Falcão JP, Falcão DP, Gomes TA. Ice as a vehicle for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;91(1):99–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chandran A, Mazumder A. Prevalence of diarrhea-associated virulence genes and genetic diversity in Escherichia coli isolates from fecal material of various animal hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(23):7371–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Anastasi E, Matthews B, Stratton H, Katouli M. Pathogenic Escherichia coli found in sewage treatment plants and environmental waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(16):5536–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Luna G, Vignaroli C, Rinaldi C, Pusceddu A, Nicoletti L, Gabellini M, Danovaro R, Biavasco F. Extraintestinal Escherichia coli carrying virulence genes in coastal marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(17):5659–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dickens DL, DuPont HL, Johnson PC. Survival of bacterial enteropathogens in the ice of popular drinks. JAMA. 1985;253(21):3141–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim JK, Harrison MA. Transfer of Escherichia coli O157: H7 to romaine lettuce due to contact water from melting ice. J Food Prot. 2008;71(2):252–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Seurinck S, Verstraete W, Siciliano SD. Microbial source tracking for identification of fecal pollution. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol. 2005;4(1–2):19–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Welch RA. The genus Escherichia. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E, editors. The prokaryotes. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 60–71.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Arana I, Muela A, Orruño M, Seco C, Garaizabal I, Barcina I. Effect of temperature and starvation upon survival strategies of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0: comparison with Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2010;74(3):500–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Clements A, Young JC, Constantinou N, Frankel G. Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes. 2012;3(2):71–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Radu S, Ling OW, Rusul G, Karim MIA, Nishibuchi M. Detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 by multiplex PCR and their characterization by plasmid profiling, antimicrobial resistance, RAPD and PFGE analyses. J Microbiol Methods. 2001;46(2):131–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

NP and DW conceived the research concept and study design; DW and TU approved the proposal with some revision; NP and DW analyzed and interpreted the data, NP and EN contributed in data collection and data analysis. NP and DW were involved in drafting and critically revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by Research Center of Drug and Food, National Agency of Drug and Food.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diana E. Waturangi.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pusparini, N., Waturangi, D.E., Usia, T. et al. Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from ice cube production sites. BMC Res Notes 11, 659 (2018). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13104-018-3737-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13104-018-3737-3

Keywords