From: Public and social environment changes and caesarean section delivery choice in Japan
Sample | Hospital | Clinic | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | C-section deliveries | C-section ratio | C-section deliveries | C-section ratio | ||||
Medical facility characteristics | ||||||||
 Public facility | 1.562b | 1.759b | 0.053c | 0.034 | − 0.346 | − 0.075 | − 0.028 | − 0.027b |
(0.739) | (0.781) | (0.028) | (0.026) | (0.367) | (0.362) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
 Number of physicians | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.500a | 0.558a | 0.006a | 0.009a |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.067) | (0.072) | (0.002) | (0.003) | |
 Number of sickbeds | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.000c | 0.000 | 0.103a | 0.091a | 0.005a | 0.005a |
(0.004) | (0.005) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
 Opening outside hours on weekdays | 0.512 | 0.660 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.107 | 0.250 | − 0.001 | 0.002 |
(0.333) | (0.506) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.148) | (0.172) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |
 Opening on holidays | 0.091 | 0.412 | − 0.007 | 0.006 | 1.426a | 1.364a | 0.075a | 0.072a |
(0.188) | (0.337) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.119) | (0.145) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |
Aggregated variables | ||||||||
 Women’s average age for first marriage | 0.334b | − 0.030 | − 0.028a | − 0.026b | 0.144b | − 0.249 | − 0.002 | − 0.013 |
(0.125) | (0.467) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.071) | (0.172) | (0.005) | (0.009) | |
 Child mortality rate | − 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.078 | 0.034 | 0.002 | − 0.003 |
(0.240) | (0.226) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.098) | (0.087) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
 Obstetricians and gynecologists density | − 0.068c | − 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.001 | − 0.019c | − 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
(0.039) | (0.046) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
 The youth population | 0.007a | 0.010a | 0.000 | 0.000b | 0.004a | 0.005a | 0.000a | 0.000a |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
 The amount of lump-sum birth allowance | 0.034 | 0.099c | 0.002b | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.066a | 0.000 | 0.001 |
(0.012) | (0.055) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.009) | (0.023) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
 Prefectural real GDP | 1.865a | 1.158b | 0.045c | 0.029b | 0.080 | − 0.178 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
(0.499) | (0.476) | (0.026) | (0.014) | (0.270) | (0.216) | (0.012) | (0.017) | |
 The number of yearly medical malpractice lawsuits |  | 0.002 |  | 0.000c |  | 0.002a |  | 0.000c |
 | (0.001) |  | (0.000) |  | (0.001) |  | (0.000) | |
Constant | − 15.752a | − 9.803 | 0.549a | 0.407 | − 6.905a | 0.029 | − 0.101 | 0.114 |
(3.868) | (10.691) | (0.152) | (0.255) | (2.278) | (3.656) | (0.120) | (0.178) | |
Number of observations | 9874 | 8156 | 9874 | 8156 | 13,631 | 11,311 | 13,631 | 11,311 |
Number of facilities | 1958 | 1882 | 1958 | 1882 | 2909 | 2814 | 2909 | 2814 |
R-squared (overall) | 0.094 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.072 | 0.038 | 0.049 | 0.008 | 0.015 |