Skip to main content

Table 2 Empirical results on c-section choices

From: Public and social environment changes and caesarean section delivery choice in Japan

Sample

Hospital

Clinic

Dependent variable

C-section deliveries

C-section ratio

C-section deliveries

C-section ratio

Medical facility characteristics

 Public facility

1.562b

1.759b

0.053c

0.034

− 0.346

− 0.075

− 0.028

− 0.027b

(0.739)

(0.781)

(0.028)

(0.026)

(0.367)

(0.362)

(0.017)

(0.014)

 Number of physicians

0.009

0.005

0.000

0.000

0.500a

0.558a

0.006a

0.009a

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.067)

(0.072)

(0.002)

(0.003)

 Number of sickbeds

0.002

0.002

0.000c

0.000

0.103a

0.091a

0.005a

0.005a

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.010)

(0.011)

(0.001)

(0.001)

 Opening outside hours on weekdays

0.512

0.660

0.005

0.008

0.107

0.250

− 0.001

0.002

(0.333)

(0.506)

(0.011)

(0.010)

(0.148)

(0.172)

(0.005)

(0.006)

 Opening on holidays

0.091

0.412

− 0.007

0.006

1.426a

1.364a

0.075a

0.072a

(0.188)

(0.337)

(0.006)

(0.008)

(0.119)

(0.145)

(0.006)

(0.007)

Aggregated variables

 Women’s average age for first marriage

0.334b

− 0.030

− 0.028a

− 0.026b

0.144b

− 0.249

− 0.002

− 0.013

(0.125)

(0.467)

(0.006)

(0.012)

(0.071)

(0.172)

(0.005)

(0.009)

 Child mortality rate

− 0.002

0.006

0.010

0.000

0.078

0.034

0.002

− 0.003

(0.240)

(0.226)

(0.008)

(0.005)

(0.098)

(0.087)

(0.005)

(0.005)

 Obstetricians and gynecologists density

− 0.068c

− 0.063

0.000

0.001

− 0.019c

− 0.006

0.000

0.001

(0.039)

(0.046)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.012)

(0.012)

(0.001)

(0.001)

 The youth population

0.007a

0.010a

0.000

0.000b

0.004a

0.005a

0.000a

0.000a

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.000)

 The amount of lump-sum birth allowance

0.034

0.099c

0.002b

0.002

0.006

0.066a

0.000

0.001

(0.012)

(0.055)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.009)

(0.023)

(0.001)

(0.001)

 Prefectural real GDP

1.865a

1.158b

0.045c

0.029b

0.080

− 0.178

0.001

0.001

(0.499)

(0.476)

(0.026)

(0.014)

(0.270)

(0.216)

(0.012)

(0.017)

 The number of yearly medical malpractice lawsuits

 

0.002

 

0.000c

 

0.002a

 

0.000c

 

(0.001)

 

(0.000)

 

(0.001)

 

(0.000)

Constant

− 15.752a

− 9.803

0.549a

0.407

− 6.905a

0.029

− 0.101

0.114

(3.868)

(10.691)

(0.152)

(0.255)

(2.278)

(3.656)

(0.120)

(0.178)

Number of observations

9874

8156

9874

8156

13,631

11,311

13,631

11,311

Number of facilities

1958

1882

1958

1882

2909

2814

2909

2814

R-squared (overall)

0.094

0.096

0.059

0.072

0.038

0.049

0.008

0.015

  1. a, b, cRepresent statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively. Clustering robust standard errors allowing for correlated residuals within prefectures are in parentheses