Fig. 2

PV cell induced cholangiocyte differentiation in a special condition. a A case with \(\beta _{N} = 100\) and \(\beta _{D} = 10\) without PV cells. b A case with \(\beta _{N} = 100\) and \(\beta _{D} = 10\) with a PV cell, which was indicated with a cross. Note that the adjacent cells showed high R(t), suggesting cholangiocyte differentiation. c A case with \(\beta _{N} = 10\) and \(\beta _{D} = 100\) without PV cells. Note that the gray scale is different from (a). d A case with \(\beta _{N} = 10\) and \(\beta _{D} = 100\) with a PV cell, which was indicated with a cross. Note that the gray scale is different from (b). The inlet circled in red shows magnification around the PV cell for comparison of (c) and (d).