Table 1 Characteristic and clinical assessments of all participants according to VI status

Age, mean  ±  SD (range)

72.39  ±  5.33 (64–88)

71.44  ±  5.00 (65–86)

73.72  ±  5.52 (64–88)

Gender, n (%)

 Male

90 (43.3)

58 (47.9)

32 (36.8)

 Female

118 (56.7)

63 (52.1)

55 (63.2)

Races, n (%)

 Malay

72 (34.6)

56 (46.3)

16 (18.4)

 Chinese

106 (51.0)

45 (37.2)

61 (70.1)

 Indian

30 (14.4)

20 (16.5)

10 (11.5)

Educational level, n (%)

 No formal education

26 (12.5)

10 (8.3)

16 (18.4)

 Primary education

61 (29.3)

31 (25.6)

30 (34.5)

 Secondary education

90 (43.3)

56 (46.3)

34 (39.1)

 Tertiary education

31 (14.9)

24 (19.8)

8 (8.0)

Health status, n (%)

 Diabetes mellitus

68 (32.7)

38 (31.4)

30 (34.5)

 Hypertension

110 (52.9)

64 (52.9)

46 (52.9)

 High cholesterol

116 (55.8)

71 (58.7)

45 (51.7)

 Osteoarthritis

62 (29.8)

34 (28.1)

28 (32.2)

 Hip fracture

7 (3.4)

4 (3.3)

3 (3.4)

 Near VA (M), mean  ±  SD (range)

0.95  ±  0.59 (0.30–5.00 M)

0.60  ±  0.15 (0.30–0.80 M)

1.42  ±  0.65 (1.00 – 5.00 M)

 CS (log CS), mean  ±  SD (range)

1.53  ±  0.18 (0.75–1.95 log CS)

1.59  ±  0.12 (1.05–1.95 log CS)

1.44  ±  0.21 (0.75–1.80 log CS)

 M-MMSE-blind score, mean  ±  SD (range)

18.70  ±  2.93 (9–22)

19.21  ±  2.64 (10–22)

17.99  ±  3.16 (9–22)

 IADL score, mean  ±  SD (range)

13.55  ±  1.08 (7–14)

13.69  ±  0.85 (9–14)

13.36  ±  1.32 (7–14)