Skip to main content

Evaluation of the effectiveness of topical oily solution containing frankincense extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Abstract

Objective

Pharmacological treatments of osteoarthritis (OA) have several side effects. Boswellia serrata resin (frankincense) is rich in boswellic acids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; though, their oral bioavailability is low. The aim of this study was evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of frankincense extract in the treatment of knee OA. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, eligible patients with knee OA were randomly divided into two groups of drug (33 patients) and control (37 patients), to use oily solution of frankincense extract or placebo, respectively, on the involved knee three times daily for four weeks. WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), VAS (visual analogue scale; for pain severity), and PGA (patient global assessment) scores were determined before and after intervention.

Results

For all evaluated outcome variables, there was a significant decrease from baseline in both groups (Pā€‰<ā€‰0.001 for all). Furthermore, the end-of-intervention values for all parameters were significantly lower in drug group than placebo group (Pā€‰<ā€‰0.001 for all), showing more effectiveness of drug compared to placebo.

Conclusion

Topical oily solution containing enriched extract of boswellic acids could decrease pain severity and improve the function in patients with knee OA.

Trial Registration Trial registration number: IRCT20150721023282N14. Trial registration date: September 20, 2020. The study was retrospectively registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT).

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative articular disorders causing negative impacts on the quality of patientā€™s life [1, 2]. Synovial inflammation, ligaments destruction and limitation of joint ambulation occur in OA [3, 4]. About 40% of patients aged 70Ā years or over are involved with knee OA with the proportion of women being more than men [5, 6]. So, age has an important role in OA incidence as well as obesity, genetics, history of knee trauma and female gender [7].

Compared to other kinds, knee OA is the most common, involving about 85% of cases [5, 6]. The patients may experience pain and instability of joint, morning stiffness, crepitus, and reduction of daily physical activity [8]. Exercise, weight loss, and patientā€™s education are the mainstay of OA treatment [9]. Based on the guidelines, the pharmacotherapy for OA consists of acetaminophen, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), opioids, and intra-articular injection of glucocorticoids and hyaluronic acid. Although these drugs can improve quality of patientā€™s life and performance, knee pain and joint stiffness remain in some patients [10]. On the other hand, many adverse effects have been observed with some of the mentioned drugs, including renal and cardiovascular complications and gastrointestinal bleeding related to NSAIDs consumption [4].

Boswellia serrata is a plant from family Burseraceae with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects [2]. The extract of frankincense (the hardened gum-like resin obtained from Boswellia and also known as ā€œKondorā€ in Iran) is rich in boswellic acids, specially 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-Ī²-boswellic acid (AKBA), which can inhibit 5-lipoxigenase enzyme as well as NF-ÄøB (nuclear factor kappa B) and TNF-Ī± (tumor necrosis factor Ī±) in many inflammatory pathways [11, 12]. Due to these effects, some in-vivo and clinical studies have shown that oral consumption of Boswellia extract can reduce pain, swelling, and stiffness of joint in OA compared to standard treatment. However, poor absorption in aqueous intestinal environment and high first pass metabolism result in low bioavailability of boswellic acids during oral consumption [13]. Besides, in chronic inflammatory diseases, patients are usually more compliant for using topical treatments as an easier way with less side effects and drug interactions [14]. AlthoughĀ there is no clinically significant change in laboratory parameters due to oral consumption of Boswellia, several minor side effects have been recorded [15, 16]. On the contrary, there is no study to show the effects of topical Boswellia extract on knee OA. So, this study aimed to evaluate the potential effectiveness of topical extract of B. serrata in relieving the symptoms in patients with knee OA.

Materials and methods

This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed in Rheumatology Clinic of Al-Zahra hospital of Isfahan, Iran, affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, from October 2020 to April 2021. The study was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the record number of IRCT20150721023282N14.

Preparation of oily solutions

Topical formulation of frankincense extract was prepared by Fardis pharmaceutical company, Isfahan, Iran. For preparing 100Ā ml of Boswellia solution, 1Ā g of dried extract of frankincense was added to 20Ā ml of black seed oil, then reached to the volume with olive oil. The placebo solution was prepared just with 20Ā ml of black seed oil and 80Ā ml of olive oil. Both types of solution were similarly packaged in pharmaceutical tubes and labeled and a numeric code was recorded on each tube by the company.

Patient selection.

Patients were selected from those referring to rheumatology clinic of Al-Zahra hospital, based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) age of 40ā€“80Ā years, (2) OA of at least one knee for at least 3Ā months based on the diagnostic criteria of American College of Rheumatology (ACR), (3) pain scoreā€‰>ā€‰4 based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and (4) grade 2 or 3 of Kellgren-Lawrence scale in knee radiography within the past 3Ā month.

The patientsā€™ exclusion criteria were: (1) use of intra-articular glucocorticoids within the past 3Ā months, (2) use of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate within the past 6Ā months, (3) use of systemic glucocorticoids (either oral or parenteral) within the past 14Ā days, (4) concurrent other osteoarticular disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and gout), (5) any skin disorder in the knee region, (6) any allergic reaction to the prescribed topical preparation, (7) knee arthroscopy within the past 3Ā months, (8) illiteracy, (9) inability to answer the questions, and (13) pregnancy or lactation (for women).

Clinical study and interventions.

All included participants filled a written informed consent form. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients including age, gender, the comorbidities, and current consumed drugs were recorded for all patients. Before any intervention, the pain severity based on VAS (0 to 10 scale), and the scores of WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and PGA (patient global assessment) were determined and recorded for the patients according to the symptoms experienced within the past 48Ā h. WOMAC index consists of three subscales including pain (5 questions), the flexibility of knee joint (2 questions), and the function or daily activities (17 questions) that a score range of every question presents the severity of the symptom. The total score of WOMAC ranges from 0 to 68, as the best and worst state for knee OA, respectively. The Persian form of WOMAC used in this study, has been validated previously by Nadrian et al. [17]. PGA is a visual measurement scale in the form of a colored band ranging from white zone/point 0 (without any symptoms) to black zone/point 4 (the worst symptoms) and it was marked based on patient self-assessment. Simple randomization method was used for random allocation. For this, the tubes containing drug or placebo were equally and randomly given to eligible patients and the numeric code of each tube was written on the patientā€™s data collection form. Patients were asked to apply the solution on the involved knee, three times daily for 4Ā weeks. Also, acetaminophen 500Ā mg three times a day was prescribed for all patients, as a standard treatment for OA. Furthermore, the patients were asked not to use any other drug/supplement for OA, including glucosamine, chondroitin, herbal medicines, and topical preparations, during the study period. The patients were instructed to record regular use of the solution and report any side effect during the study. As the tubes of drug and placebo solutions were fully similar, the prescribing physician (rheumatologist), the data collector, and the data analyst were all blinded to the type of intervention (drug vs. placebo) for each patient. At the end of the study, VAS, WOMAC, and PGA scores were recorded again for all patients. The type of intervention for each patient was decoded after data analysis.

The primary outcome measures were the changes of VAS, WOMAC, and PGA scores at the end of study. The secondary outcome variable was the rate of possible side effects based on the patientsā€™ report.

Sample size calculation.

The following equation was used for sample size calculation:

$${\text{n = }}{{\left( {{\text{Z}}_{{{1} - \alpha /{2}}} + {\text{ Z}}_{{{1} - \beta }} } \right)^{2} \times {2}\delta^{{2}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {{\text{Z}}_{{{1} - \alpha /{2}}} + {\text{ Z}}_{{{1} - \beta }} } \right)^{2} \times {2}\delta^{{2}} } {\left( {\mu_{{1}} - \, \mu_{{2}} } \right)^{{2}} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {\left( {\mu_{{1}} - \, \mu_{{2}} } \right)^{{2}} }}$$

where n is the required sample size in each group; Āµ1 and Āµ2 are the mean of the variable in the first and second groups, respectively, according to the previous studies; Ī“ is the standard deviation (SD); Z1-Ī±/2 is the standard normal z-value for a significance level Ī±ā€‰=ā€‰0.05, which is 1.96, and Z1-Ī² is the standard normal z-value for the power of 80%, which is 0.84. According to the Āµ and Ī“ values for pain scores (in WOMAC) in a previous report [18], at least 25 patients were considered for each group.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was performed by SPSS 24.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Qualitative variables were compared by Chi square (Ļ‡2) test and Fishersā€™ exact test between the two groups. Kolmogorovā€“Smirnov test determined distribution pattern of quantitative data. The normally and non-normally distributed data were presented as mean (SD) and median [IQR], respectively. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was applied for comparison of values at the beginning and end of intervention within each group. Mann-Whithney U test was applied for comparison of baseline values between the two groups. ANCOVA test was performed to compare the post-intervention values between the groups with the control of baseline values as covariates. P-valueā€‰<ā€‰0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Patients

During the study, 90 patients who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study. The patients aged between 41 to 77Ā years and were divided into two groups of drug and placebo. Because of irregular consumption or usage of similar products, 20 patients were excluded from the study. So, 70 patients completed the research including 33 and 37 patients in drug and placebo groups, respectively (Fig.Ā 1). As shown in Table 1, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, including age, gender, comorbidities, and concurrent drugs.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flowchart of enrollment and allocation of participants and study design

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study patients

Effectiveness evaluation

As shown in Table 2, for all evaluated outcome variables (total WOMAC score as well as its subscales, VAS score, and PGA score), there was a significant decrease from baseline in both groups (Pā€‰<ā€‰0.001 for all). Furthermore, in contrast to the baseline values, the end-of-intervention values for all parameters were significantly lower in drug group than placebo group (Pā€‰<ā€‰0.001 for all), showing more effectiveness of drug compared to placebo.

Table 2 Pre- and post-intervention values of parameters and their comparison between the two groups

Side effects

Only one person in placebo group complained of itching and redness at the application site at the first days; so, she was excluded from the research. No other patient reported any adverse effect during the intervention.

Discussion

In this study, topical solution of Frankincense extract could decrease pain severity and stiffness of knee and improve the patientsā€™ daily activity.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work evaluating Boswellia extract as a topical form in OA patients. Previously, several animal and human studies have shown the beneficial effects of Boswellia in arthritis.

An animal study demonstrated that boswellic acid could significantly suppress the increased level of lysosomal Ī²-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme releasing from neutrophils and also decreased TNF-Ī± level in gouty arthritic mice [19].

Several clinical trials showed the effectiveness of B. serrata on OA. In the study of Kimmatkar et al., the effects of this plant in the reduction of pain, improvement of patientsā€™ function, and increase of walking distance and the ability of climbing the stairs were demonstrated [15]. In the study of Majeed et al., the oral use of B. serrata extract by OA patients could significantly decrease WOMAC and VAS scores compared to placebo at the end of 4th month and also improved articular cartilage destruction based on radiography assessment [16]. However, the results of our four-week trial showed the positive effects of the extract even at a shorter duration. Similar results have been obtained in other trials of B. serrata extract in OA patients [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] which are consistent with ours. Of note, all of these works have evaluated oral form of the extract, while we applied the topical form. Therefore, it seems that topical use of frankincense extract can improve OA in terms of pain severity and joint flexibility, as well as patientsā€™ quality of life (as determined by PGA score).

The biological effects of Boswellia are mainly related to boswellic acids, of which AKBA is the most important one. This compound demonstrates anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects by selective and non-competitive inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase in the pathway of leukotriene biosynthesis [11, 22, 25] and suppresses theĀ expression and activity of matrix 3, 10 and 12 metalloproteinases in human capillary endothelial cells [28].

Since topical agents have a role in the management of mild OA due to lower systemic side effects, topical frankincense could be an additional therapeutic option for this disorder as its tolerability seems to be better than topical NSAIDs and capsaicin.

Conclusions

Topical oily solution containing enriched extract of boswellic acids could decrease pain severity and improve the function in patients with knee OA. However, as the first clinical study showing the positive effects of topical frankincense in OA patients, this work could be a basis for future larger trials to introduce an effective and safe herbal treatment for these patients.

Limitations

The main limitations of our study were small sample size due to the occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic and short duration of intervention. Also, due to topical consumption, it is possible that the patients have taken various amounts of drug and placebo.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

OA:

Osteoarthritis

NSAIDs:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

AKBA:

3-O-acetyl-11-keto-Ī²-boswellic acid

NF-ÄøB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

TNF-Ī±:

Tumor necrosis factor Ī±

VAS:

Visual analogue scale

WOMAC:

Western ontario and mcmaster universities osteoarthritis index

PGA:

Patient global assessment

References

  1. Kan HS, Chan PK, Chiu KY, Yan CH, Yeung SS, Ng YL, et al. Non-surgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Hong Kong Med J. 2019. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.12809/hkmj187600.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  2. Umar S, Umar K, Sarwar AH, Khan A, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, et al. Boswellia serrata extract attenuates inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in collagen induced arthritis. Phytomedicine. 2014. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.02.001.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  3. Sumantran VN, Joshi AK, Boddul S, Koppikar SJ, Warude D, Patwardhan B, et al. Antiarthritic activity of a standardized, multiherbal, ayurvedic formulation containing Boswellia serrata: in vitro studies on knee cartilage from osteoarthritis patients. Phytother Res. 2011. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1002/ptr.3365.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  4. Dā€™Arcy Y, Mantyh P, Yaksh T, Donevan S, Hall J, Sadrarhami M, et al. Treating osteoarthritis pain: mechanisms of action of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and nerve growth factor antibodies. Postgrad Med. 2021. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1080/00325481.2021.1949199.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  5. Primorac D, Molnar V, Rod E, Jelec Z, Cukelj F, Matisic V, et al. Knee osteoarthritis: a review of pathogenesis and state-of-the-art non-operative therapeutic considerations. Genes. 2020. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/genes11080854.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  6. Michael JW, Schluter-Brust KU, Eysel P. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0152.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  7. Liu X, Machado GC, Eyles JP, Ravi V, Hunter DJ. Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  8. Dantas LO, Salvini TF, McAlindon TE. Knee osteoarthritis: key treatments and implications for physical therapy. Braz J Phys Ther. 2021. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.08.004.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  9. Cao P, Li Y, Tang Y, Ding C, Hunter DJ. Pharmacotherapy for knee osteoarthritis: current and emerging therapies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1080/14656566.2020.1732924.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  10. Wu Y, Goh EL, Wang D, Ma S. Novel treatments for osteoarthritis: an update. Open Access Rheumatol. 2018. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.2147/OARRR.S176666.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  11. Houssen ME, Ragab A, Mesbah A, El-Samanoudy AZ, Othman G, Moustafa AF, et al. Natural anti-inflammatory products and leukotriene inhibitors as complementary therapy for bronchial asthma. Clin Biochem. 2010. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.04.061.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  12. Ammon HP. Modulation of the immune system by Boswellia serrata extracts and boswellic acids. Phytomedicine. 2010. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.003.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  13. Mehta M, Dureja H, Garg M. Development and optimization of boswellic acid-loaded proniosomal gel. Drug Deliv. 2016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3109/10717544.2016.1149744.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  14. Meng Z, Huang R. Topical treatment of degenerative knee osteoarthritis. Am J Med Sci. 2018. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.amjms.2017.06.006.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  15. Kimmatkar N, Thawani V, Hingorani L, Khiyani R. Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of kneeā€“a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2003. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1078/094471103321648593.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  16. Majeed M, Majeed S, Narayanan NK, Nagabhushanam K. A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Boswellia serrata extract in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Phytother Res. 2019. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1002/ptr.6338.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  17. Nadrian H, Moghimi N, Nadrian E, Moradzadeh R, Bahmanpour K, Iranpour A, et al. Validity and reliability of the persian versions of WOMAC osteoarthritis index and Lequesne Algofunctional Index. Clin Rheumatol. 2012. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1007/s10067-012-1983-7.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  18. Jabbari M, Hashempur MH, Razavi SZ, Shahraki HR, Kamalinejad M, Emtiazy M. Efficacy and short-term safety of topical Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus L) versus diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.035.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  19. Sabina EP, Indu H, Rasool M. Efficacy of boswellic acid on lysosomal acid hydrolases, lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant status in gouty arthritic mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60206-2.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  20. Notarnicola A, Maccagnano G, Moretti L, Pesce V, Tafuri S, Fiore A, et al. Methylsulfonylmethane and boswellic acids versus glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee arthritis: Randomized trial. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2016. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1177/0394632015622215.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  21. Notarnicola A, Tafuri S, Fusaro L, Moretti L, Pesce V, Moretti B. The, ā€œMESACAā€ study: methylsulfonylmethane and boswellic acids in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Adv Ther. 2011. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1007/s12325-011-0068-3.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  22. Kizhakkedath R. Clinical evaluation of a formulation containing Curcuma longa and Boswellia serrata extracts in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep. 2013. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3892/mmr.2013.1661.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  23. Haroyan A, Mukuchyan V, Mkrtchyan N, Minasyan N, Gasparyan S, Sargsyan A, et al. Efficacy and safety of curcumin and its combination with boswellic acid in osteoarthritis: a comparative, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12906-017-2062-z.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  24. Vishal AA, Mishra A, Raychaudhuri SP. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical study evaluates the early efficacy of aflapin in subjects with osteoarthritis of knee. Int J Med Sci. 2011. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.7150/ijms.8.615.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  25. Sengupta K, Alluri KV, Satish AR, Mishra S, Golakoti T, Sarma KV, et al. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and safety of 5-Loxin for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/ar2461.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  26. Sengupta K, Krishnaraju AV, Vishal AA, Mishra A, Trimurtulu G, Sarma KV, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 5-Loxin and Aflapin against osteoarthritis of the knee: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical study. Int J Med Sci. 2010. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.7150/ijms.7.366.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  27. Karimifar M, Soltani R, Hajhashemi V, Sarrafchi S. Evaluation of the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia alone and combined with Boswellia thurifera compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Clin Rheumatol. 2017. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1007/s10067-017-3603-z.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  28. Abdel-Tawab M, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the staff of Fardis company and Rheumatology Clinic of Al-Zahra hospital for their assistance.

Funding

This study was financially supported by Fardis pharmaceutical company with Grant No. 399127 From Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The funding body played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

RS gave the study idea and designed it, performed the statistical analysis, and corrected the drafted manuscript. AM collected the data, followed the patients regarding the outcome measures, and drafted the manuscript. MK selected the eligible patients according to the inclusion criteria and followed them regarding the outcome measures. VH performed the statistical analysis and prepared drug and placebo preparations. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mansoor Karimifar or Rasool Soltani.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

There is no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohsenzadeh, A., Karimifar, M., Soltani, R. et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of topical oily solution containing frankincense extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Res Notes 16, 28 (2023). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13104-023-06291-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13104-023-06291-5

Keywords