Table 3 Factors associated with chronic periodontitis (backward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis)
From: Risk factors for chronic periodontitis in Sri Lankan adults: a population based case–control study
Variable | Unadjusted | p value | Adjusted | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
Sex | ||||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Male | 2.42 | 1.95–3.00 | <0.001 | 1.97 | 1.47–2.65 | <0.001 |
Age group (years) | ||||||
30–44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
45–60 | 4.29 | 3.41–5.40 | <0.001 | 4.19 | 3.23–5.44 | <0.001 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Sinhala | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Tamil | 0.99 | 0.71–1.38 | 0.94 | 0.77 | 0.51–1.14 | 0.19 |
Muslim | 1.69 | 1.31–2.51 | 0.01 | 1.63 | 1.03–2.58 | 0.04 |
Level of education (years) | ||||||
>12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
11–12 | 1.35 | 0.86–2.13 | 0.20 | 1.68 | 1.00–2.83 | 0.05 |
6–10 | 2.55 | 1.60–4.07 | <0.001 | 2.80 | 1.63–4.81 | <0.001 |
0–5 | 3.12 | 1.79–5.43 | <0.001 | 2.39 | 1.23–4.61 | 0.01 |
Monthly household income (Rupees) | ||||||
≤20,000 | 1.00 | |||||
>20,000 | 1.07 | 0.85–1.35 | 0.58 | |||
Current occupation | ||||||
Low category | 1.00 | |||||
High category | 0.65 | 0.50–0.84 | 0.001 | |||
Mode of tooth cleaning | ||||||
Brush | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Finger | 7.31 | 2.17–24.63 | 0.001 | 4.30 | 1.05–17.61 | 0.04 |
Material used for tooth cleaning | ||||||
Toothpaste | 1.00 | |||||
Others | 3.67 | 1.66–8.11 | 0.001 | |||
Tooth cleaning frequency | ||||||
Once/day | 1.00 | |||||
>once/day | 0.80 | 0.60–1.06 | 0.11 | |||
Smoking | ||||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Former | 2.48 | 1.69–3.65 | <0.001 | 1.21 | 0.76–1.93 | 0.43 |
Current | 4.38 | 3.18–6.03 | <0.001 | 3.27 | 2.21–4.85 | <0.001 |
Smoking in pack-years | 1.15 | 1.10–1.20 | <0.001 | |||
Betel quid chewing | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Current chewer | 3.17 | 2.17–4.63 | <0.001 | 2.05 | 1.34–3.14 | 0.001 |
Alcohol use | ||||||
Never | 1.00 | |||||
Ever | 2.21 | 1.79–2.74 | <0.001 | |||
Alcohol × smoking | ||||||
Never/never | 1.00 | |||||
Ever/former smoker | 2.37 | 1.61–3.50 | <0.001 | |||
Ever/current smoker | 4.02 | 2.89–5.60 | <0.001 | |||
Alcohol × betel chewing × smoking | ||||||
Never/never/never | 1.00 | |||||
Ever alcohol user × current chewer × former smoker | 3.43 | 1.36–8.64 | 0.009 | |||
Ever alcohol user × current chewer × current smoker | 4.45 | 2.13–9.30 | <0.001 | |||
Self-reported diabetes | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 2.15 | 1.69–3.46 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.01–2.36 | 0.04 |
Self-reported hypertension | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 2.58 | 1.86–3.57 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 1.20–2.60 | 0.004 |
Overweight/obese | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 0.83 | 0.67–1.03 | 0.09 | |||
Abdominal obesity | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 1.01 | 0.82–1.25 | 0.94 | |||