Table 1 Studied variables and exposures for cases and controls
Variable | Cases | Controls | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal demographics | |||
Age—mean (sd)—year | 26.95 (7.15) | 27.55 (4.71) | 0.751 |
Marital status— not single—no./total no. (%) | 9/19 (47.4) | 17/38 (44.7) | 0.860 |
Educational level—no./total no. (%) | 1 | ||
Elementary school | 4/19 (21.0) | 8/38 (21.0) | |
Middle school | 6/19 (31.5) | 12/38 (31.5) | |
High School | 9/19 (47.4) | 18/38 (47.4) | |
Occupation—no./total no. (%) | 0.077 | ||
Homemaker | 16/19 (84.2) | 22/38 (57.8) | |
Not-homemaker | 3/19 (15.7) | 16/38 (42.1) | |
Past infection by dengue virus—no./total no. (%) | 8/19 (42.1) | 8/38 (21.0) | 0.127 |
Traveled before symptoms—no./total no. (%) | 2/19 (10.5) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.258 |
Risk factors for congenital malformations | |||
Contact with toxic substancesa—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 5/38 (13.1) | 0.337 |
Smoking—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 2/38 (5.2) | 0.561 |
Alcohol consumption—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 2/38 (5.2) | 0.561 |
Use of folic acid-based medication—no./total no. (%) | 12/19 (63.1) | 17/38 (44.7) | 0.222 |
Consanguinity—no./total no. (%) | 2/19 (10.5) | 4/38 (10.5) | 1 |
Genetic disease in the family—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.681 |
Delivery and neonate data | |||
Gestational age of birth—mean (sd)—week | 37.79 (1.6) | 37.89 (1.4) | 0.725 |
Epidemiological week of birth—mean (sd)—week | 43.95 (4.8) | 43.63 (3.3) | 0.656 |
Type of delivery—vaginal—no./total no. (%) | 12/19 (63.1) | 21/38 (55.2) | 0.505 |
Head circumference—mean (sd)—cm | 28.50 (2.2) | 34.40 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
Thoracic circumference—mean (sd)—cm | 30.76 (1.9) | 32.84 (1.1) | 0.0004 |
Height—mean (sd)—cm | 44.18 (2.3) | 47.64 (1.5) | 0.0001 |
Weight—mean (sd)—kg | 2.589 (0.42) | 3.329 (0.326) | <0.0001 |
Gender—females—no./total no. (%) | 12/19 (63.1) | 24/38 (63.1) | 1 |
Symptoms experienced during pregnancy | |||
Any rash—no./total no. (%) | 12/19 (63.1) | 7/38 (18.4) | 0.005 |
Macular rash—no./total no. (%) | 4/19 (21.0) | 5/38 (13.1) | 0.429 |
Maculopapular rash—no./total no. (%) | 8/19 (42.1) | 2/38 (5.2) | 0.009 |
Fever—no./total no. (%) | 10/19 (52.6) | 3/38 (7.8) | 0.004 |
Conjunctivitis— no./total no. (%) | 4/19 (21.0) | 2/38 (5.2) | 0.109 |
Arthralgia—no./total no. (%) | 9/19 (47.3) | 2/38 (5.2) | 0.005 |
Myalgia—no./total no. (%) | 5/19 (26.3) | 0/38 (0.0) | 0.218 |
Peri-articular edema—no./total no. (%) | 8/19 (42.1) | 5/38 (13.1) | 0.030 |
Headache—no./total no. (%) | 8/19 (42.1) | 6/38 (15.7) | 0.039 |
Retro-orbital pain—no./total no. (%) | 4/19 (21.0) | 3/38 (7.9) | 0.149 |
Fatigue/malaise—no./total no. (%) | 9/19 (47.3) | 2/38 (5.2) | 0.005 |
Dizziness—no./total no. (%) | 2/18 (11.1) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.258 |
Lymphadenopathy—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.681 |
Mouth sores—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 0/38 (0.0) | – |
Breathlessness—no./total no. (%) | 0/19 (0.0) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.681 |
Diarrhea—no./total no. (%) | 1/19 (5.2) | 0/38 (0.0) | 0.582 |
Anorexia—no./total no. (%) | 6/19 (31.5) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.178 |
Alterations in taste—no./total no. (%) | 4/19 (21.0) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.275 |
Cough—no./total no. (%) | 2/19 (10.5) | 1/38 (2.6) | 0.459 |
Case definition | |||
Suspected Zika virus disease—no./total no. (%) | 10/19 (52.6) | 3/38 (7.9) | 0.004 |
Gestational age of symptoms—no./total no. (%) | |||
1st trimester | 5/19 (26.3) | 0/38 (0.0) | 0.157 |
2nd trimester | 5/19 (26.3) | 3/38 (7.9) | |
Duration of the symptoms—mean (sd)—days | 6.70 (5.08) | 9.6 (4.6) | 0.258 |