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Table 1 Characteristics of participants by tertiles (T) of PRAL, NEAP and DAL

From: The association between dietary acid load and muscle strength among Iranian adults

 

PRAL

NEAP

DAL

T1 (1–89)

T2 (90–179)

T3 (180–268)

p

T1 (1–89)

T2 (90–179)

T3 (180–268)

p

T1 (1–89)

T2 (90–179)

T3 (180–268)

p

Participants

89

90

89

 

89

90

89

 

89

90

89

 

Characteristics

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

 

Age (y)

41.8

13.9

34.9

11.7

33.0

12.0

 < 0.001

41.7

14.0

34.2

11.3

33.8

12.4

 < 0.001

41.8

13.9

34.6

11.7

33.2

12.0

 < 0.001

Weight (kg)

71.7

14.7

71.4

17.8

75.1

15.4

0.22

71.6

14.6

70.0

17.2

76.6

15.3

0.01

70.7

14.5

72.1

18.0

75.3

15.3

0.14

BMI (kg/m2)

26.1

4.78

24.9

4.43

25.7

4.81

0.21

26.0

4.42

24.7

4.79

26.1

4.76

0.08

25.9

4.87

25.1

4.38

25.7

4.81

0.52

WC (cm)

81.8

11.8

88.6

13.1

90.3

12.9

0.62

89.8

11.3

87.4

13.5

91.6

12.6

0.07

89.2

11.8

89.1

13.1

90.4

12.8

0.74

WHR (cm)

0.90

0.05

0.89

0.06

0.90

0.07

0.83

0.90

0.05

0.89

0.06

0.91

0.06

0.13

0.90

0.05

0.90

0.06

0.90

0.07

0.94

Fat-mass (kg)

23.9

9.44

21.8

8.71

21.6

10.0

0.20

23.7

8.60

21.4

9.64

22.2

9.93

0.24

23.7

9.51

22.0

8.64

21.5

10.0

0.28

Fat-free mass (kg)

47.8

11.1

49.5

12.7

53.1

13.5

0.01

47.8

11.4

48.5

11.7

54.0

13.8

0.001

47.0

10.5

50.0

13.0

53.4

13.5

0.03

SBP (mmHg)

114

14.5

106

27.3

113

10.1

0.05

112

18.2

105

24.1

116

11.5

0.001

114

14.3

106

27.5

113

10.1

0.008

DBP (mmHg)

70.8

11.4

70.7

12.5

70.3

7.60

0.96

70.3

11.2

69.0

11.3

72.6

9.11

0.07

70.7

11.2

70.7

12.6

70.4

7.57

0.98

 

(%)

Sex

   

 < 0.001

   

 < 0.001

   

 < 0.001

Male

30.3

41.1

59.6

 

30.3

37.8

62.9

 

28.1

42.2

60.7

 

Female

69.7

58.9

40.4

 

69.7

62.2

37.1

 

71.9

57.8

39.3

 

Education

   

0.03

   

0.12

   

0.03

Illiterate

0.0

0.0

1.1

 

0.0

0.0

1.1

 

0.0

0.0

1.1

 

Under diploma

14.6

5.6

2.2

 

12.4

6.7

3.4

 

14.6

5.6

2.2

 

Diploma

21.3

17.8

16.9

 

22.5

18.9

14.6

 

21.3

17.8

16.9

 

Educated

64.0

76.7

79.8

 

65.2

74.4

80.9

 

64.0

76.7

79.8

 

Occupation

   

 < 0.001

   

 < 0.001

   

 < 0.001

Employee

41.6

61.1

57.3

 

43.8

54.4

61.8

 

40.4

61.1

58.4

 

Housekeeper

31.5

7.8

10.1

 

28.1

13.3

7.9

 

31.5

7.8

10.1

 

Retired

13.5

4.4

5.6

 

15.7

2.2

5.6

 

13.5

4.4

5.6

 

Unemployed

13.5

4.4

5.6

 

12.4

30.0

24.7

 

14.6

26.7

25.8

 

Marriage

   

0.03

   

 < 0.001

   

0.003

Single

25.8

47.8

55.1

 

24.7

45.6

58.4

 

25.8

48.9

53.9

 

Married

67.4

50.0

41.6

 

68.5

50.0

40.4

 

67.4

48.9

42.7

 

Divorced

3.4

2.2

2.2

 

3.4

4.4

0.0

 

3.4

2.2

2.2

 

Dead spouse

3.4

0.0

0.0

 

3.4

0.0

0.0

 

3.4

0.0

0.0

 

Living situation

   

0.02

   

0.001

   

0.02

Alone

4.5

6.7

15.7

 

3.4

5.6

18.0

 

4.5

6.7

15.7

 

With someone

95.5

93.3

84.3

 

96.6

94.4

82.0

 

95.5

93.3

84.3

 

Smoking

 Not smoking

93.3

4.5

2.2

0.04

92.1

5.6

2.2

0.03

93.3

4.5

2.2

0.04

 Quit smoking

87.8

4.4

7.8

 

88.9

2.2

8.9

 

87.8

4.4

7.8

 

 Smoking

78.7

6.7

14.6

 

78.7

7.9

13.5

 

78.7

6.7

14.6

 

Metabolic disordersb

 No

74.2

86.7

88.6

0.02

77.5

87.8

84.1

0.17

74.2

86.7

88.6

0.02

 Yes

25.8

13.3

11.4

 

22.5

12.2

15.9

 

25.8

13.3

11.4

 

Activity scorec

 Low

39.3

40.0

34.8

0.64

46.1

36.7

31.5

0.06

40.4

40.0

33.7

0.35

 Moderate

43.8

41.1

39.3

 

41.6

43.3

39.3

 

44.9

40.0

39.3

 

 High

16.9

18.9

25.8

 

12.4

20.0

29.2

 

14.6

20.0

27.0

 
  1. PRAL Potential renal acid load, NEAP Net endogenous acid production, DAL Dietary acid load, BMI body mass index, WHR waist-hip ratio, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol
  2. P values result from ANOVA for quantitative variables and χ2 test for qualitative variables
  3. aValues are means ± SD
  4. bMetabolic disorders: Including the history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, respiratory disease and osteoporosis
  5. cActivity score: Data on vigorous and moderate activity and walking for at least 10 min/day during the previous 7 days were recorded according to the IPAQ criteria. Duration and frequency of the days of activity were multiplied by the activity's metabolic equivalent task value for calculating the activity. The total physical activity per week was used to measure the sum of the scores divided into three groups: low, moderate, and high. IPAQ was also measured for a continuous score and stated as an equivalent metabolic (MET)-minutes per week.
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BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

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