Fig. 1

a: Feature coefficient in the internal validation model. b: Feature coefficient in the comparison validation model. c: Calibration curve for internal, comparison, and external validation models. d: AUC curve for internal, comparison and external validation models. Bar colour in plot a and b represents the sign of the coefficient, where red indicates positive correlation with GDM and blue means negative correlation. Odds ratio between each feature and GDM was described in the rectangular brackets after the feature’s name. The odds ratio of Age, BMI, Parity, and Gravidity was calculated between Age > = 25 and GDM, between BMI > = 25 and GDM, between parity number > 0 and GDM, and between gravity number > 1 and GDM, respectively. Colour of the dash-dot curves in plot c and d represents different models, including internal validation model (red), comparison validation models (blue), and external validation model (green)