Evaluation of the effectiveness of topical oily solution containing frankincense extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Table 2 Pre- and post-intervention values of parameters and their comparison between the two groups

Parameters	Time	Group		P value	Mean difference^* (95% CI)
Parameters	Time	Drug	Placebo	P value	Mean difference^* (95% CI)
Pain severity	Baseline (week 0) End (week 4) P-value	16 [13–18] 4 [2–7.5] < 0.001c	15 [10–19] 8 [4–17.5] < 0.001c	0.958_a 0.001_b	3.91 ± 1.44 (1.02–6.80)
Flexibility	Baseline (week 0) End (week 4) P-value	6 [4–7] 2 [0–2] < 0.001c	6 [4–8] 4 [1.5–6] < 0.001c	0.356_a 0.001_b	1.84 ± 0.50 (0.83–2.85)
Function	Baseline (week 0) End (week 4) P-value	46.54 ± 11.24 22.30 ± 15.48 < 0.001d	47.68 ± 11.55 36.00 ± 18.40 < 0.001d	0.68_b < 0.001_b	13.70 ± 4.09 (5.53–21.86)
Total score of WOMAC	Baseline (week 0) End (week 4) P-value	67 [58–79] 24 [15–36.5] < 0.001c	70 [54–83.5] 52 [25–74] < 0.001c	0.646_a 0.001_b	19.08 ± 5.71 (7.67–30.48)
VAS score	Baseline (week 0) End (week 4) P-value	9 [7–10] 4 [2.5–5] < 0.001c	9 [8–9.5] 6 [3.5–9] < 0.001c	0.804_a 0.001_b	1.92 ± 0.62 (0.67–3.16)
PGA score	Baseline (week 0) End (week 4) P-value	3 [2.5–4] 1.8 [1–2.5] < 0.001c	3.5 [3, 4] 3 [1.9–3.5] < 0.001c	0.918_a 0.001_b	0.78 ± 0.26 (0.26–1.30)

WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, VAS visual analogue scale, PGA patient global assessment
^aMann-Whithney U test
^bANCOVA test
^cWilcoxon Signed Rank test
^dPaired Sample T-test
^*Mean ± SE of difference for end values according to ANCOVA test

ISSN: 1756-0500